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Molecular characterization of perivascular drainage pathways in the murine brain.

ABSTRACT: Perivascular compartments surrounding central nervous system (CNS) vessels have been proposed to serve key roles in facilitating cerebrospinal fluid flow into the brain, CNS waste transfer, and immune cell trafficking. Traditionally, these compartments were identified by electron microscopy with limited molecular characterization. Using cellular markers and knowledge on cellular sources of basement membrane laminins, we here describe molecularly distinct compartments surrounding different vessel types and provide a comprehensive characterization of the arachnoid and pial compartments and their connection to CNS vessels and perivascular pathways. We show that differential expression of plectin, E-cadherin and laminins α1, α2, and α5 distinguishes pial and arachnoid layers at the brain surface, while endothelial and smooth muscle laminins α4 and α5 and smooth muscle actin differentiate between arterioles and venules. Tracer studies reveal that interconnected perivascular compartments exist from arterioles through to veins, potentially providing a route for fluid flow as well as the transport of large and small molecules.

SUBMITTER: Hannocks MJ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5888861 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Molecular characterization of perivascular drainage pathways in the murine brain.

Hannocks Melanie-Jane MJ Pizzo Michelle E ME Huppert Jula J Deshpande Tushar T Abbott N Joan NJ Thorne Robert G RG Sorokin Lydia L

Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 20171228 4

Perivascular compartments surrounding central nervous system (CNS) vessels have been proposed to serve key roles in facilitating cerebrospinal fluid flow into the brain, CNS waste transfer, and immune cell trafficking. Traditionally, these compartments were identified by electron microscopy with limited molecular characterization. Using cellular markers and knowledge on cellular sources of basement membrane laminins, we here describe molecularly distinct compartments surrounding different vessel ...[more]

PMID: 29283289

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Project description:Brain perivascular cells have been recently identified as new mesodermal cell type of the human brain. These cells reside in the perivascular niche and were shown to have mesodermal and â to a lesser extend â tissue-specific differentiation potential. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are widely discussed for the use in cell therapy in many neurological disorders. Therefore it is of importance to better understand the âintrinsicâ MSC population of the human brain. Here we systematically characterized adult human brain-derived pericytes during in vitro expansion and differentiation and compared these cells to fetal and adult human brain-derived NSCs and adult human bone marrow derived MSCs. We found that adult human brain pericytes can be isolated from hippocampal as well as cortical white matter, are â in contrast to adult human NSCs â easily expandable in monolayer cultures and show high similarities to human bone marrow-derived MSCs both regarding surface marker expression and whole transcriptome analysis. Human brain pericytes differentiated only in negligible amounts into neuroectodermal cell types using various differentiation conditions but efficiently differentiated into mesodermal progenies. Thus bone marrow-derived MSCs resemble human brain pericytes and might be therefore very interesting for possible autologous NPC-based treatment strategies, cell therapeutic approaches of neurological diseases. For the gene expression microarray analysis we used the Affymetrix U133A chips The whole procedure was performed following the manufacturer's standard protocol (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA). For the data processing, normalization was calculated with the GCRMA (GC content corrected Robust Multi-array Analysis) algorithm. Data post-processing and graphics was performed with in-house developed functions in Matlab. 17 samples were analyzed fNSC, Neural Stem Cell, 2 replicates ANPC-hip, adult Neuroprogenitor - Cell Hippocampus, 3 replicates ANPC-wm, adult Neuroprogenitor Cell - White Matter, 3 replicates ABPMC-hip, adult Brain Perivascular Mesodermal Cell - Hippocampus, 3 replicates ABPMC-wm, adult Brain Perivascular Mesodermal Cell - White Matter, 3 replicates MSC, Mesenchymal Stem Cell, 3 replicates

Project description:This review considers efflux of substances from brain parenchyma quantified as values of clearances (CL, stated in µL g-1 min-1). Total clearance of a substance is the sum of clearance values for all available routes including perivascular pathways and the blood-brain barrier. Perivascular efflux contributes to the clearance of all water-soluble substances. Substances leaving via the perivascular routes may enter cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or lymph. These routes are also involved in entry to the parenchyma from CSF. However, evidence demonstrating net fluid flow inwards along arteries and then outwards along veins (the glymphatic hypothesis) is still lacking. CLperivascular, that via perivascular routes, has been measured by following the fate of exogenously applied labelled tracer amounts of sucrose, inulin or serum albumin, which are not metabolized or eliminated across the blood-brain barrier. With these substances values of total CL ≅ 1 have been measured. Substances that are eliminated at least partly by other routes, i.e. across the blood-brain barrier, have higher total CL values. Substances crossing the blood-brain barrier may do so by passive, non-specific means with CLblood-brain barrier values ranging from < 0.01 for inulin to > 1000 for water and CO2. CLblood-brain barrier values for many small solutes are predictable from their oil/water partition and molecular weight. Transporters specific for glucose, lactate and many polar substrates facilitate efflux across the blood-brain barrier producing CLblood-brain barrier values > 50. The principal route for movement of Na+ and Cl- ions across the blood-brain barrier is probably paracellular through tight junctions between the brain endothelial cells producing CLblood-brain barrier values ~ 1. There are large fluxes of amino acids into and out of the brain across the blood-brain barrier but only small net fluxes have been observed suggesting substantial reuse of essential amino acids and α-ketoacids within the brain. Amyloid-β efflux, which is measurably faster than efflux of inulin, is primarily across the blood-brain barrier. Amyloid-β also leaves the brain parenchyma via perivascular efflux and this may be important as the route by which amyloid-β reaches arterial walls resulting in cerebral amyloid angiopathy.

Dataset Information

Molecular characterization of perivascular drainage pathways in the murine brain.

Publications

Molecular characterization of perivascular drainage pathways in the murine brain.

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