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Mercury affects the phylloplane fungal community of blueberry leaves to a lesser extent than plant age.

ABSTRACT: Mercury (Hg) is a toxic heavy metal pollutant that is globally distributed due to atmospheric deposition to non-point source locations. Leaf surfaces directly sequester atmospheric Hg. Little is known of how phylloplane (leaf surface) fungi are influenced by Hg pollution. Through culture-based methodology, this study analysed fungal phylloplane community identity following a single-dose response to HgCl2 concentrations between 0 and 20 times ambient levels for New Jersey. Time passed following the Hg addition had a strong influence on the fungal phylloplane community, associated with natural successional changes. Mercury, however, did not significantly affect the phylloplane community identity. Notably, the control group was not significantly different than any of the Hg treatments. How the phylloplane functional group responds to Hg pollution has not been previously investigated and more research is needed to fully understand how Hg influences fungal phylloplane ecology.

SUBMITTER: Malcolm K

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6059040 | biostudies-literature | 2018

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Mercury affects the phylloplane fungal community of blueberry leaves to a lesser extent than plant age.

Malcolm Katalin K Dighton John J Barkay Tamar T

Mycology 20171106 1

Mercury (Hg) is a toxic heavy metal pollutant that is globally distributed due to atmospheric deposition to non-point source locations. Leaf surfaces directly sequester atmospheric Hg. Little is known of how phylloplane (leaf surface) fungi are influenced by Hg pollution. Through culture-based methodology, this study analysed fungal phylloplane community identity following a single-dose response to HgCl<sub>2</sub> concentrations between 0 and 20 times ambient levels for New Jersey. Time passed ...[more]

PMID: 30123661

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Project description:BackgroundVascular endothelial cells (EC) are critical for regulation of local immune responses, through coordination of leukocyte recruitment from the blood and egress into the tissue. Growing evidence supports an additional role for endothelium in activation and costimulation of adaptive immune cells. However, this function remains somewhat controversial, and the full repertoire and durability of an enhanced endothelial costimulatory phenotype has not been wholly defined.MethodsHuman endothelium was stimulated with continuous TNFα or IFNγ for 1-48hr; or primed with TNFα or IFNγ for only 3hr, before withdrawal of stimulus for up to 45hr. Gene expression of cytokines, costimulatory molecules and antigen presentation molecules was measured by Nanostring, and publicly available datasets of EC stimulation with TNFα or IFNγ were leveraged to further corroborate the results. Cell surface protein expression was detected by flow cytometry, and secretion of cytokines was assessed by Luminex and ELISA. Key findings were confirmed in primary human endothelial cells from 4-6 different vascular beds.ResultsTNFα triggered mostly positive immune checkpoint molecule expression on endothelium, including CD40, 4-1BB, and ICOSLG but in the context of only HLA class I and immunoproteasome subunits. IFNγ promoted a more tolerogenic phenotype of high PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression with both HLA class I and class II molecules and antigen processing genes. Both cytokines elicited secretion of IL-15 and BAFF/BLyS, with TNFα stimulated EC additionally producing IL-6, TL1A and IL-1β. Moreover, endothelium primed for a short period (3hr) with TNFα mostly failed to alter the costimulatory phenotype 24-48hr later, with only somewhat augmented expression of HLA class I. In contrast, brief exposure to IFNγ was sufficient to cause late expression of antigen presentation, cytokines and costimulatory molecules. In particular HLA class I, PD-1 ligand and cytokine expression was markedly high on endothelium two days after IFNγ was last present.ConclusionsEndothelia from multiple vascular beds possess a wide range of other immune checkpoint molecules and cytokines that can shape the adaptive immune response. Our results further demonstrate that IFNγ elicits prolonged signaling that persists days after initiation and is sufficient to trigger substantial gene expression changes and immune phenotype in vascular endothelium.

Dataset Information

Mercury affects the phylloplane fungal community of blueberry leaves to a lesser extent than plant age.

Publications

Mercury affects the phylloplane fungal community of blueberry leaves to a lesser extent than plant age.

Similar Datasets

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