Dog Ecology and Rabies Knowledge of Owners and Non-Owners in Sanur, A Sub-District of the Indonesian Island Province of Bali.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Hiby E
PROVIDER: S-EPMC6070915 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Jul
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Publications
Dog Ecology and Rabies Knowledge of Owners and Non-Owners in Sanur, A Sub-District of the Indonesian Island Province of Bali.
Hiby Elly E Agustina Kadek Karang KK Nattras Atema Kate K Bagus Gusti Ngurah GN Girardi Janice J Harfoot Mike M Haryono Yacinta Y Hiby Lex L Irawan Hendra H Kalalo Levin L Purnama Sang Gede SG Subrata I Made IM Swacita Ida Bagus Ngurah IBN Utami Ni Wayan Arya NWA Januraga Pande Putu PP Wirawan Dewa Nyoman DN
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI 20180705 7
This study gained an understanding of dog demographics, owner behaviour, and knowledge, attitudes and practices relating to rabies in three villages in Sanur, Bali, providing insights for an intervention to improve responsible dog ownership. A combination of a census of all dogs, street surveys of roaming dogs, and a Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) survey was used to study both dogs and people. A total of 6009 dogs were recorded, of which only 3.3% appeared to be unowned; unowned dogs ha ...[more]
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Project description:The Indonesian island province of Bali experienced its first rabies incursion in 2008. Mass vaccination of the dog population has proven effective and rabies cases in dogs and people have decreased, however the virus is still circulating among the dog population. Vaccination coverage must be maintained until rabies elimination. Increasing efficiency and effectiveness of vaccination campaigns is therefore desired. Community engagement leading to preventative health actions by community members can reduce disease incidence and costs of control. Here we evaluate 2 years of a novel community-based dog welfare and rabies control project (Program Dharma) in the Sanur sub-district. The project engaged the services of people living in the project area with an interest or experience in dogs or community health services. These people spoke with owners within their own community about dog welfare and health, monitored owned and unowned dogs and increased owner and carer efforts to access vaccination and further veterinary services. The evaluation focused on a sample of dogs whose owners had been regularly engaged with project. Vaccination coverage was increased and there were no dog or human rabies cases reported in the project area; the percentage of the dogs that had never been vaccinated was reduced by an average 28.3% (baseline unvaccinated 41-49%, post-project unvaccinated 11-19%). The welfare of dogs improved from an average of 20.7% of dogs with visible welfare problems at baseline to 2.7% after project implementation. Roaming dog density observed on street surveys also decreased in all project areas (24-47% reduction dependent on desa). A participatory evaluation event with a sample of Program Dharma community-based agents highlighted several additional successes, including that the community appeared to welcome and value their services and were beginning to support the cost of project activities. Conversely, challenges included identifying dogs in the database during revisits, sustaining the costs of community member time spent working on Program Dharma activities and the costs of veterinary care, whilst avoiding dependency of owners on free veterinary services. The benefits revealed by the evaluation were judged to be sufficient to extend Program Dharma to new areas, whilst evolving activities to resolve challenges.
| S-EPMC6629783 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundRabies has been a serious public health threat in Flores Island, Indonesia since it was introduced in 1997. To control the disease, annual dog vaccination campaigns have been implemented to vaccinate all dogs free of charge. Nevertheless, the uptake rate of the vaccination campaigns has been low. The objective of this paper is to identify risk factors associated with the uptake of rabies control measures by individual dog owners in Flores Island.Methodology/principal findingsA total of 450 dog owners from 44 randomly selected villages in the Sikka and Manggarai regencies were interviewed regarding their socio-demographic factors, knowledge of rabies, and their uptake of rabies control measures. The majority of dog owners surveyed (>90%) knew that rabies is a fatal disease and that it can be prevented. Moreover, 68% of the dog owners had a high level of knowledge about available rabies control measures. Fifty-two percent of the dog owners had had at least one of their dogs vaccinated during the 2012 vaccination campaign. Vaccination uptake was significantly higher for dog owners who resided in Sikka, kept female dogs for breeding, had an income of more than one million Rupiah, and had easy access to their village. The most important reasons not to join the vaccination campaign were lack of information about the vaccination campaign schedule (40%) and difficulty to catch the dog during the vaccination campaign (37%).Conclusions/significanceDog owners in Flores Island had a high level of knowledge of rabies and its control, but this was not associated with uptake of the 2012 vaccination campaign. Geographical accessibility was one of the important factors influencing the vaccination uptake among dog owners. Targeted distribution of information on vaccination schedules and methods to catch and restrain dogs in those villages with poor accessibility may increase vaccination uptake in the future.
| S-EPMC4363700 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Rabies is a deadly zoonotic disease responsible for almost 60,000 deaths each year, especially in Africa and Asia including Thailand. Dogs are the major reservoirs for rabies virus in these settings. This study thus used the concept of knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) to identify socioeconomic factors that contribute to the differences in the canine rabies occurrences in high and low-risk areas which were classified by a Generalized Additive Model (GAM). Multistage sampling was then applied to designate the study locations and a KAP-based questionnaire was used to retrieve data and relevant perspectives from the respondents. Based on the responses from 476 participants living across four regions of Thailand, we found that the knowledge of the participants was positively correlated with their behaviors but negatively associated with the attitudes. Participants who are male, younger, educated at the level of middle to high school, or raising more dogs are likely to have negative attitudes but good knowledge on rabies prevention and control whereas farmers with lower income had better attitudes regardless of their knowledge. We found that people in a lower socioeconomic status with a lack of knowledge are not willing to pay at a higher vaccine price. Public education is a key to change dog owners' behaviors. Related authorities should constantly educate people on how to prevent and control rabies in their communities. Our findings should be applicable to other countries with similar socioeconomic statuses.
| S-EPMC8416909 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundRabies is a zoonotic viral disease that can occur in all warm-blooded animals, including humans. Vaccinating dogs can protect people from contracting rabies. Rabies is a public health threat in Rwanda, but the country does not have information on the epidemiology of rabies. The present study aimed to understand the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of rabies and its control among dog owners in Kigali city of Rwanda.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional survey using a structured questionnaire among 137 dog owners selected from nine administrative study sites. A two-stage random sampling procedure was used to select the participants. Frequency distributions analysis and a series of chi-square tests of associations as well as binary logistic regressions were performed to determine the important factors associated with the response variables.ResultsThe results showed that 99.5% of respondents knew at least a host susceptible to rabies. Only 22.4% and 21.3% knew that dogs and people can develop rabies, respectively. Nearly 73.6% knew that human rabies can be transmitted through dog-bites and 99% could identify at least a clinical sign of canine rabies. Overall, 81.8% knew that regular vaccination of dogs helps to prevent dog-transmitted human rabies and 43.1% and 26.3% were aware that rabies in humans and in dogs are fatal once clinical symptoms have shown, respectively. Only 69% would observe a dog for 10 days after it bites a man or an animal. Approximately 20.4% were familiar with appropriate cleaning of dog-bites wounds, and 20.6% knew that puppies could receive rabies vaccination before they are three months old. Of those who owned vaccinated dogs, 78% were happy about the cost (US $ ≤ 34) of rabies vaccination. Of all the respondents, 58% had their dogs vaccinated at home by veterinarians while 86% indicated their veterinarians kept rabies vaccines on ice in a cool box. Overall, 53% of the dog owners had sufficient knowledge of rabies, whilst 66% and 17% adopted adequate practices and positive attitudes towards rabies, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analyses indicated that none of the respondents' sex, educational level, and the length of dog ownership were statistically associated with their knowledge, attitudes and practices of rabies.ConclusionsThis study showed that majority of the dog owners had sufficient knowledge and adopted appropriate practices of rabies. However there exist some knowledge gaps among the dog owners particularly on treatment, transmission and control methods. Therefore, rabies awareness campaign is required to upgrade rabies knowledge of the dog owners on rabies prevention and control in Rwanda.
| S-EPMC6701806 | biostudies-literature
Project description:In 2021, a comprehensive dog demographic questionnaire combined with a KAP survey were conducted in the northern communal areas (NCAs) of Namibia with the aim of gaining a better understanding of dog populations, owner behaviour, and knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) relating to rabies. The survey of 3,726 households across the eight regions of the NCAs provided insights that will inform interventions in order to improve human rabies prevention and Namibia's dog rabies control strategy. The results showed a relatively low average human/dog ratio (HDR) of 5.4:1 indicating a surprisingly high dog population of at least 272,000 dogs in the NCAs, 93% of which appear to be owned but are free-roaming. Data analysis revealed opportunities but also highlighted needs for improvements in rabies surveillance and mass dog vaccinations. Although knowledge, attitude, and practice scores towards epidemiologic and clinical aspects, human rabies prevention, and dog rabies vaccination were deemed to be acceptable, the survey nevertheless revealed deficiencies in certain aspects in some of the population. Interestingly, data seemed to indicate relatively high dog bite incidences per 100,000 people, ranging between 262 and 1,369 and a certain number of unreported human rabies cases. Despite the very high number of dogs, only 50% of dog-owning households reported having vaccinated their dogs. In order to address these issues, the planning, announcement, and implementation of mass dog vaccination campaigns needs to be adapted to achieve adequate vaccination coverage. Another focus needs to be on rabies awareness and education if Namibia is to be significantly contributing to the global goal of "Zero by 30".
| S-EPMC10881021 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Rabies is a viral disease that affects both animals and humans. Effectiveness of a rabies control measures depends on collaboration of dog owners. This study was conducted in North West Ethiopia to understand the intention and willingness to pay (WTP) of dog owners related to rabies control and factors affecting rabies control measures. Data was collected from 423 randomly selected dog owners in four Gondar zones, North West Ethiopia. The theory of planned behavior was used to explore the intention of dog owners towards implementing rabies control measures. Contingent evaluation method was used to evaluate WTP for rabies vaccine. Logistic regression analysis was used to test association with factors. Large majority of dog owners had positive intention to control rabies by vaccination of dogs (97% free of charge, 93% with fair price) and 94% by leashing. Majority of dog owners had a positive attitude (AT), positive subjective norms (SN) and positive perceived behavioral control (PBC) towards controlling rabies. Dog owners' AT and SN were positively associated with intention to vaccinate dogs. Male dog owners and dog owners belonging to lower age groups had significantly higher AT towards leashing dogs. Sixty two percent of dog owners were WTP for the suggested price bid amounts; but, in general, their number decreased when price of the vaccine increased. The mean WTP for rabies vaccine was 59.25 Ethiopian Birr (1.14 USD) per year. Monthly income was associated (P < 0.05) with WTP for rabies vaccine. Dog owners who had higher income had higher odds but those who did not vaccinate their dogs in the last two years had lower odds of WTP for rabies vaccine. Intervention directed at changing AT and SN is important to increase intention of dog owners; nevertheless subsidizing rabies vaccine increase dog owners participation in dogs vaccination campaign.
| S-EPMC11896628 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundRabies poses a significant public health threat worldwide, primarily transmitted through dog bites. Understanding community knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding rabies is crucial for effective prevention and control strategies. This study aimed to determine KAP levels and their determinants among dog owners in Kelantan, Malaysia.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in 2023 among 232 dog owners attending mass canine vaccination programs conducted by Kelantan State Department of Veterinary Services. A validated and structured questionnaire assessed knowledge, attitudes and practices of rabies. The determinants were analysed through multiple logistic regression analyses.ResultsOverall, 53.0% exhibited good knowledge, 26.7% had positive attitudes, and 40.0% demonstrated good practices concerning rabies. Higher education levels (AOR = 3.15,95%CI:1.07,9.26), attending rabies programs (AOR = 3.79,95%CI:1.37,10.43), and owning two dogs (AOR = 2.25,95%CI:1.09,4.61) were associated with good knowledge. Medium and long duration of dog ownership durations (AOR = 0.23,95%CI:0.10,0.53 and AOR = 0.40, 95%CI:0.16,0.98 respectively) has lower chances to have positive attitudes, while larger households (AOR = 1.49,95%CI:1.18,1.87) and higher knowledge scores (AOR = 2.80,95% CI:1.06,7.42) were associated to positive attitudes. Older age groups (AOR = 0.27,95%CI:0.12,0.6 and AOR = 0.22,95%CI:0.09,0.50) was associated with suboptimal practices, whereas higher knowledge scores (AOR = 1.29,95% CI:1.08,1.54) and acquiring dogs through formal channels (AOR = 4.79,95%CI:1.85,12.39) were associated with good practices.ConclusionThe study identified critical knowledge gaps, misconceptions, and suboptimal practices among dog owners in Kelantan, highlighting the need for targeted interventions. Tailored educational programs, community engagement strategies, and a comprehensive One Health approach towards the high-risk groups of dog owner are recommended to enhance rabies prevention and control efforts, ultimately safeguarding human, and animal health.
| S-EPMC11916990 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Knowledge of domestic dog ecology and demography has been recognized as central to the design of an effective rabies control program. The study was conducted to assess owned dogs' ecology and demography and to identify predictors associated with dog ownership and rabies occurrence in the Amhara region, Ethiopia.Methodology: The study employed dog census and questionnaire surveys of 907 households selected using a multistage sampling technique from six rural and six urban districts of the Amhara region, Ethiopia. The ecology and demography of owned dogs in the selected areas were recorded and described using descriptive statistics. Mixed-effect logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with dog ownership and rabies occurrence.ResultsA total of 6609 dogs were estimated from 42 kebeles in the 12 study districts. The male-to-female ratio of dogs was 1.7:1.0, and the mean age of dogs was 3.2 years. The proportion of households who owned at least one dog was 5.9 %. The average number of dogs per dog-owned household was 1.3. Dog to household ratio was 1.0:13.0, and dog to human ratio was 1.0:48.5. The majority of the dog owners (97 %) keep dogs for home guard and livestock herding. Only 57 % of the dogs were confined, and 16 % of them were vaccinated. Ninety-one percent of the dog owners did not practice neutering and spaying for dog population control. Religion, livestock ownership pattern, and occupation were associated with dog ownership (p < 0.05). Community residence and age of respondents were associated with rabies occurrence (p < 0.05), while zone was associated with both dog ownership and rabies occurrence at p-value <0.05.ConclusionsThe study indicated a low dog population relative to humans, which might make dog-based rabies control manageable. But at the same time, most dogs were not properly managed (confined and vaccinated), which calls for more awareness about responsible dog ownership to reduce zoonotic disease risk, including rabies. Generally, the study provides useful information about the demography and ecology of owned dogs in relation to rabies for making proper and effective rabies control strategies and is important to design the spatial distribution of rabies vaccination in dogs. However, as the study did not include stray dogs, which have great contributions to the spread of rabies, the information should be used with this caveat into consideration.
| S-EPMC11755056 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Australia is underprepared for a rabies incursion due to a lack of information about how a rabies outbreak would spread within the susceptible canine populations and which control strategies would be best to control it. The aim of this study was to collect information to parameterize a recently developed dog rabies spread model as well as use this information to gauge how the community would accept potential control strategies. Such information-together with model outputs-would be used to inform decision makers on the best control strategies and improve Australia's preparedness against a canine rabies incursion. The parameters this study focussed on were detection time, vaccination rates and dog-culling and dog movement restriction compliance. A cross-sectional survey of 31 dog-owners, using a questionnaire, was undertaken in the five communities of the Northern Peninsular Area (NPA) in northern Australia regarding community dog movements, veterinary visits, reporting systems, perceptions of sick dogs and potential human behaviours during hypothetical rabies outbreaks. It highlighted the significant shortfalls in veterinary care that would need to be vastly improved during an outbreak, who educational programs should be targeted towards and which dog movements should be restricted. The results indicate that men were significantly more likely than women to allow their dogs to roam and to move their dogs. The current low vaccination rate of 12% highlighted the limited veterinary services that would need to be substantially increased to achieve effective rabies control. Participation in mass vaccination was accepted by 100% of the respondents. There was lower acceptance for other possible rabies control strategies with 10-20% of the respondents stating a resistance to both a mass culling program and a ban on dog movements. Consequently, movement bans and mass dog culling would have limited effectiveness as a control strategy in the NPA community. More than half of the respondents said that they would report their sick dogs within a week. This would lead to a much more optimistic rabies detection time than observed in other regions with recent dog rabies outbreaks. Findings from this study can be used to parameterize a recently developed dog rabies spread model as well as to develop informed policies for managing a future rabies incursion, thus improving Australia's preparedness against a canine rabies incursion.
| S-EPMC4846002 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Although Indonesia has been rabies-infected since at least the 1880s, some islands remain rabies-free, such as Lombok. However, due to its adjacency to rabies-infected islands such as Bali and Flores, there is considerable risk of a rabies incursion. As part of a rabies risk assessment project, surveys were conducted to estimate the size of the dog population and to describe dog management practices of households belonging to different ethnic groups. A photographic-recapture method was employed and the number of unowned dogs was estimated. A total of 400 dog owning households were interviewed, 300 at an urban site and 100 at a rural site. The majority of the interviewed households belonged to the Balinese ethnic group. Owned dogs were more likely male, and non-pedigree or local breed. These households kept their dogs either fully restricted, semi-free roaming or free-roaming but full restriction was reported only at the urban site. Dog bite cases were reported to be higher at the urban site, and commonly affected children/young adults to 20 years old and males. A higher number of unowned dogs was observed at the urban site than at the rural site. Data generated within these surveys can inform rabies risk assessment models to quantify the probability of rabies being released into Lombok and resulting in the infection of the local dog population. The information gained is critical for efforts to educate dog owners about rabies, as a component of preparedness to prevent the establishment of rabies should an incursion occur.
| S-EPMC4416720 | biostudies-literature