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Effects of Germination on Protein, γ-Aminobutyric Acid, Phenolic Acids, and Antioxidant Capacity in Wheat.

ABSTRACT: Germinated wheat is a food material with potential health benefits due to its high phenolic and antioxidant content, but the reason why germination increases this content is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between protein changes (determined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE)), phenolics, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels, and antioxidant capacity of wheat germinated for various periods (24, 48, 72, and 96 h) compared to control. Each phenolic acid tended to increase with increasing germination time. The GABA content was highest (39.98 mg/100 g dwb) after 96 h of germination. The total oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) was 1.97 times higher after 96 h than in ungerminated seeds. Fifteen proteins, among 82 proteins separated by 2-DE, were highly related with ORAC and were identified by peptide mass fingerprinting (PMS). The PMS revealed strong expression of granule bound starch synthase (GBSS) and glutathione S-transferase (GSTF) after 96 h of germination. Overall, the ORAC at 96 h exhibited a close relationship with the levels of phenolic acids, GABA, and proteins such as GBSS and GSTF. In conclusion, these findings add to the existing knowledge of wheat protein changes and their relationship to the antioxidant properties of germinating wheat seeds.

SUBMITTER: Kim MJ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6225431 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Effects of Germination on Protein, γ-Aminobutyric Acid, Phenolic Acids, and Antioxidant Capacity in Wheat.

Kim Mi Jeong MJ Kwak Han Sub HS Kim Sang Sook SS

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 20180903 9

Germinated wheat is a food material with potential health benefits due to its high phenolic and antioxidant content, but the reason why germination increases this content is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between protein changes (determined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE)), phenolics, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels, and antioxidant capacity of wheat germinated for various periods (24, 48, 72, and 96 h) compared to control. Each phenolic acid ...[more]

PMID: 30177646

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Project description:BackgroundIn the realm of wheat seed germination, abiotic stresses such as salinity and high temperature have been shown to hinder the process. These stresses can lead to the production of reactive oxygen species, which, within a certain concentration range, may actually facilitate seed germination. γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a non-protein amino acid, serves as a crucial signaling molecule in the promotion of seed germination. Nevertheless, the potential of GABA to regulate seed germination under the simultaneous stress of heat and salinity remains unexplored in current literature.MethodsThis study employed observational methods to assess seed germination rate (GR), physiological methods to measure H2O2 content, and the activities of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), NADPH oxidase (NOX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). The levels of ABA and GABA were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography technology. Furthermore, quantitative real-time PCR technology was utilized to analyze the expression levels of two genes encoding antioxidant enzymes, MnSOD and CAT.ResultsThe findings indicated that combined stress (30 °C + 50 mM NaCl) decreased the GR of wheat seeds to about 21%, while treatment with 2 mM GABA increased the GR to about 48%. However, the stimulatory effect of GABA was mitigated by the presence of ABA, dimethylthiourea, and NOX inhibitor, but was strengthened by H2O2, antioxidant enzyme inhibitor, fluridone, and gibberellin. In comparison to the control group (20 °C + 0 mM NaCl), this combined stress led to elevated levels of ABA, reduced GAD and NOX activity, and a decrease in H2O2 and GABA content. Further investigation revealed that this combined stress significantly suppressed the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), as well as downregulated the gene expression levels of MnSOD and CAT. However, the study demonstrates that exogenous GABA effectively reversed the inhibitory effects of combined stress on wheat seed germination. These findings suggest that GABA-induced NOX-mediated H2O2 signalling plays a crucial role in mitigating the adverse impact of combined stress on wheat seed germination. This research holds significant theoretical and practical implications for the regulation of crop seed germination by GABA under conditions of combined stress.

Project description:After years of continuous cultivation of faba beans (Vicia faba L.), autotoxic substances accumulate in the soil, leading to a high incidence of Fusarium oxysporum (FOF) wilt. Faba bean-wheat intercropping is often used to alleviate these problems. The goal of this research was to explore the role of benzoic acid and cinnamic acid in promoting the occurrence of faba bean Fusarium wilt and the potential mechanism of faba bean-wheat intercropping to control the occurrence of this disease. We established a field experiment and a hydroponic experiment that involved the inoculation of FOF and the exploration of exogenous addition of cinnamic acid and benzoic acid at different concentrations, the effects on the degree of peroxidation, resistance system, and ultrastructure of faba bean roots. In addition, the antioxidative response of faba bean-wheat intercropping against the autotoxicity of benzoic acid and cinnamic acid was examined. In the field experiment, compared with monoculture, faba bean-wheat intercropping effectively controlled the occurrence of Fusarium wilt, significantly reduced the contents of H2O2 and O2 - in faba bean roots, increased the expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), maintained cell stability, and significantly reduced the contents of benzoic acid and cinnamic acid in faba bean rhizosphere. In the pot experiment, it was found that compared with the control, different concentrations of benzoic acid and cinnamic acid (50, 100, and 200 mg·L-1) significantly increased the content of H2O2 and O2 - in faba bean, decreased the activity and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT, and damaged cell membrane structure. Furthermore, it promoted the occurrence of Fusarium wilt of faba bean. The faba bean-wheat intercropping alleviated the stress. Benzoic acid and cinnamic acid can increase the content of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anions in faba bean plants, reduce the enzymatic activity and expression of antioxidant enzyme genes, damage the cell membrane structure, and promote the occurrence of faba bean Fusarium wilt. The faba bean-wheat intercropping can effectively alleviate the autotoxicity of benzoic acid and cinnamic acid and reduce the occurrence of faba bean Fusarium wilt.

Dataset Information

Effects of Germination on Protein, γ-Aminobutyric Acid, Phenolic Acids, and Antioxidant Capacity in Wheat.

Publications

Effects of Germination on Protein, γ-Aminobutyric Acid, Phenolic Acids, and Antioxidant Capacity in Wheat.

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