Transforming of the Tumor Microenvironment: Implications for TGF-β Inhibition in the Context of Immune-Checkpoint Therapy.

ABSTRACT: Significant breakthroughs have been achieved in the fields of oncogenic signaling inhibition and particularly immune-checkpoint blockade has triggered substantial enthusiasm during the last decade. Antibody-mediated blockade of negative immune-checkpoint molecules (e.g., PD-1/PD-L1, CTLA-4) has been shown to achieve profound responses in several of solid cancers. Unfortunately, these responses only occur in a subset of patients or, after initial therapy response, these tumors eventually relapse. Thus, elucidating the determinants of intrinsic or therapy-induced resistance is the key to improve outcomes and developing new treatment strategies. Several cytokines and growth factors are involved in the tight regulation of either antitumor immunity or immunosuppressive tumor-promoting inflammat

SUBMITTER: Loffek S 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6304495 | biostudies-literature | 2018

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature