Toxicity Mechanism of Low Doses of NaGdF₄:Yb³⁺,Er³⁺ Upconverting Nanoparticles in Activated Macrophage Cell Lines.

ABSTRACT: Gadolinium-doped nanoparticles (NPs) are regarded as promising luminescent probes. In this report, we studied details of toxicity mechanism of low doses of NaGdF₄-based fluorescent nanoparticles in activated RAW264.7, J774A.1 macrophages. These cell lines were specifically sensitive to the treatment with nanoparticles. Using nanoparticles of three different sizes, but with a uniform zeta potential (about -11 mV), we observed rapid uptake of NPs by the cells, resulting in the increased lysosomal compartment and subsequent superoxide induction along with a decrease in mitochondrial potential, indicating the impairment of mitochondrial homeostasis. At the molecular level, this led to upregulation of proapoptotic Bax and downregulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, which triggered the apoptosis wit

SUBMITTER: Wysokinska E 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6359000 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature