Evidence That Leonardo da Vinci Had Strabismus.

ABSTRACT:

Importance

Strabismus is a binocular vision disorder characterized by the partial or complete inability to maintain eye alignment on the object that is the target of fixation, usually accompanied by suppression of the deviating eye and consequent 2-dimensional monocular vision. This cue has been used to infer the presence of strabismus in a substantial number of famous artists.

Objective

To provide evidence that Leonardo da Vinci had strabismus.

Design, setting, and participants

In exotropia, the divergent eye alignment is typically manifested as an outward shift in the locations of the pupils within the eyelid aperture. The condition was assessed by fitting circles and ellipses to the pupils, irises, and eyelid apertures images identified as portraits of Leonardo da

SUBMITTER: Tyler CW 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6439801 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature