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Potential herd protection against Plasmodium falciparum infections conferred by mass antimalarial drug administrations.

ABSTRACT: The global malaria burden has decreased over the last decade and many nations are attempting elimination. Asymptomatic malaria infections are not normally diagnosed or treated, posing a major hurdle for elimination efforts. One solution to this problem is mass drug administration (MDA), with success depending on adequate population participation. Here, we present a detailed spatial and temporal analysis of malaria episodes and asymptomatic infections in four villages undergoing MDA in Myanmar. In this study, individuals from neighborhoods with low MDA adherence had 2.85 times the odds of having a malaria episode post-MDA in comparison to those from high adherence neighborhoods, regardless of individual participation, suggesting a herd effect. High mosquito biting rates, living in a house with someone else with malaria, or having an asymptomatic malaria infection were also predictors of clinical episodes. Spatial clustering of non-adherence to MDA, even in villages with high overall participation, may frustrate elimination efforts.

SUBMITTER: Parker DM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6467567 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Potential herd protection against <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> infections conferred by mass antimalarial drug administrations.

Parker Daniel M DM Tun Sai Thein Than STT White Lisa J LJ Kajeechiwa Ladda L Thwin May Myo MM Landier Jordi J Chaumeau Victor V Corbel Vincent V Dondorp Arjen M AM von Seidlein Lorenz L White Nicholas J NJ Maude Richard J RJ Nosten François F

eLife 20190416

The global malaria burden has decreased over the last decade and many nations are attempting elimination. Asymptomatic malaria infections are not normally diagnosed or treated, posing a major hurdle for elimination efforts. One solution to this problem is mass drug administration (MDA), with success depending on adequate population participation. Here, we present a detailed spatial and temporal analysis of malaria episodes and asymptomatic infections in four villages undergoing MDA in Myanmar. I ...[more]

PMID: 30990166

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Project description:BackgroundThe increase in multidrug resistant Plasmodium falciparum infections threatens the malaria elimination goals in countries within the Greater Mekong Sub-region. A multi-pronged approach assuring access to basic malaria control measures, including insecticide-treated bed nets and early diagnosis and treatment was followed by mass drug administrations (MDA) in southern Savannakhet Province, Laos. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of mass drug administrations as well as their effects on the dynamic of asymptomatic P. falciparum infections in 4 malaria endemic villages.MethodsTwo villages were randomized to early MDA consisting of 3 rounds of a 3-day course of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine with a single low dose of primaquine. In the other 2 villages MDA was deferred by 1 year. A total of 1036 residents were enrolled in early MDA villages and 883 in control villages (deferred-MDA). Tri-monthly parasitaemia surveys using uPCR were conducted for a year in the 4 villages.ResultsEighty-four percent (872/1036) of the residents participated in the MDAs, of whom 90% (781/872) completed 3 rounds of MDA (9 doses). In intervention villages, the prevalence of asymptomatic P. falciparum infections decreased by 85% after MDA from 4.8% (95% CI 3.4-6.4) at baseline (month 0 or M0) to 0.7% (95% CI 0.3-1.6) at month 12. In control villages there was a decrease of 33% in P. falciparum prevalence between M0: 17.5% (95% CI 15.9-20.3) and M12: 11.6% (95% CI 9.3-14.2). In bivariate and multivariate analyses P. falciparum infections were significantly reduced with early MDA (adjusted incidence rate ratios (AIRR): 0.08, CI 0.01-0.091) and completion of 3 MDA rounds (AIRR: 0.06; CI 0.01-0.66). A quarter of participants (226/872) reported adverse events of which 99% were mild.ConclusionThe study found a significant reduction in P. falciparum prevalence and incidence following MDA. MDA was safe, well tolerated, feasible, and achieved high population coverage and adherence. MDAs must be integrated in multi-pronged approaches such as vector control and preventive measures with a focus on specific risk groups such as mobile, migrant population and forest goers for a sustained period to eliminate the remaining parasite reservoirs. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01872702.

Project description:Malaria, especially Plasmodium falciparum infection, remains an enormous problem, and its treatment and control are seriously challenged by drug resistance. New antimalarial drugs are needed. To characterize the Medicines for Malaria Venture pipeline of antimalarials under development, we assessed the ex vivo drug susceptibilities to 19 compounds targeting or potentially impacted by mutations in P. falciparum ABC transporter I family member 1, acetyl-CoA synthetase, cytochrome b, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, elongation factor 2, lysyl-tRNA synthetase, phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase, plasmepsin X, prodrug activation and resistance esterase, and V-type H+ ATPase of 998 fresh P. falciparum clinical isolates collected in eastern Uganda from 2015 to 2022. Drug susceptibilities were assessed by 72-h growth inhibition (half-maximum inhibitory concentration [IC50]) assays using SYBR green. Field isolates were highly susceptible to lead antimalarials, with low- to midnanomolar median IC50s, near values previously reported for laboratory strains, for all tested compounds. However, outliers with decreased susceptibilities were identified. Positive correlations between IC50 results were seen for compounds with shared targets. We sequenced genes encoding presumed targets to characterize sequence diversity, search for polymorphisms previously selected with in vitro drug pressure, and determine genotype-phenotype associations. We identified many polymorphisms in target genes, generally in <10% of isolates, but none were those previously selected in vitro with drug pressure, and none were associated with significantly decreased ex vivo drug susceptibility. Overall, Ugandan P. falciparum isolates were highly susceptible to 19 compounds under development as next-generation antimalarials, consistent with a lack of preexisting or novel resistance-conferring mutations in circulating Ugandan parasites. IMPORTANCE Drug resistance necessitates the development of new antimalarial drugs. It is important to assess the activities of compounds under development against parasites now causing disease in Africa, where most malaria cases occur, and to determine if mutations in these parasites may limit the efficacies of new agents. We found that African isolates were generally highly susceptible to the 19 studied lead antimalarials. Sequencing of the presumed drug targets identified multiple mutations in these genes, but these mutations were generally not associated with decreased antimalarial activity. These results offer confidence that the activities of the tested antimalarial compounds now under development will not be limited by preexisting resistance-mediating mutations in African malaria parasites.

Project description:BackgroundInadequate treatment practices with antimalarials are considered major contributors to Plasmodium falciparum resistance to chloroquine, pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine. The longitudinal survey conducted in Dielmo, a rural Senegalese community, offers a unique frame to explore the impact of strictly controlled and quantified antimalarial use for diagnosed malaria on drug resistance.Methodology/principal findingsWe conducted on a yearly basis a retrospective survey over a ten-year period that included two successive treatment policies, namely quinine during 1990-1994, and chloroquine (CQ) and sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP) as first and second line treatments, respectively, during 1995-1999. Molecular beacon-based genotyping, gene sequencing and microsatellite analysis showed a low prevalence of Pfcrt and Pfdhfr-ts resistance alleles of Southeast Asian origin by the end of 1994 and their effective dissemination within one year of CQ and SP implementation. The Pfcrt resistant allele rose from 9% to 46% prevalence during the first year of CQ reintroduction, i.e., after a mean of 1.66 CQ treatment courses/person/year. The Pfdhfr-ts triple mutant rose from 0% to 20% by end 1996, after a mean of 0.35 SP treatment courses/person in a 16-month period. Both resistance alleles were observed at a younger age than all other alleles. Their spreading was associated with enhanced in vitro resistance and rapidly translated in an increased incidence of clinical malaria episodes during the early post-treatment period.Conclusion/significanceIn such a highly endemic setting, selection of drug-resistant parasites took a single year after drug implementation, resulting in a rapid progression of the incidence of clinical malaria during the early post-treatment period. Controlled antimalarial use at the community level did not prevent dissemination of resistance haplotypes. This data pleads against reintroduction of CQ in places where resistant allele frequency has dropped to a very low level after CQ use has been discontinued, unless drastic measures are put in place to prevent selection and spreading of mutants during the post-treatment period.

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Potential herd protection against Plasmodium falciparum infections conferred by mass antimalarial drug administrations.

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Potential herd protection against <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> infections conferred by mass antimalarial drug administrations.

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Potential herd protection against Plasmodium falciparum infections conferred by mass antimalarial drug administrations.

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Potential herd protection against &lt;i&gt;Plasmodium falciparum&lt;/i&gt; infections conferred by mass antimalarial drug administrations.

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Potential herd protection against <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> infections conferred by mass antimalarial drug administrations.