Niacin for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Schandelmaier S
PROVIDER: S-EPMC6481694 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Jun
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Publications
Niacin for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events.
Schandelmaier Stefan S Briel Matthias M Saccilotto Ramon R Olu Kelechi K KK Arpagaus Armon A Hemkens Lars G LG Nordmann Alain J AJ
The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 20170614
<h4>Background</h4>Nicotinic acid (niacin) is known to decrease LDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides, and increase HDL-cholesterol levels. The evidence of benefits with niacin monotherapy or add-on to statin-based therapy is controversial.<h4>Objectives</h4>To assess the effectiveness of niacin therapy versus placebo, administered as monotherapy or add-on to statin-based therapy in people with or at risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in terms of mortality, CVD events, and side effects.<h4>Search ...[more]
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| S-EPMC4836286 | biostudies-other
Project description:BackgroundInfluenza is a common respiratory infection that may cause complications, including cardiovascular events. Influenza illness has been shown to double the risk of myocardial infarction, with the highest risk among patients with established cardiovascular disease. Vaccination against influenza has been associated with reductions in myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease, and death.ObjectiveTo evaluate the evidence for influenza vaccination as a strategy to reduce cardiovascular events specifically in patients with established cardiovascular disease.Data sources and study selectionMEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched with the terms "influenza vaccine" and "cardiovascular disease". Included in this review were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), nonrandomized studies, and meta-analyses that compared influenza vaccination against control in patients with established cardiovascular disease and that reported clinically meaningful cardiovascular outcomes (defined as cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and stroke).Data extraction and synthesisThe search yielded 10 studies (3 nonrandomized studies, 5 RCTs, and 2 meta-analyses). The nonrandomized studies and the RCTs had inconsistent results with respect to cardiovascular death and adverse cardiovascular events. The 2 meta-analyses, which included the same 4 RCTs involving patients with established cardiovascular disease, showed that the influenza vaccine reduced cardiovascular death by about 50% relative to control. Vaccination also reduced major cardiovascular events by about 43%; the reduction was greater (54%) in the subgroup of patients with recent (≤ 1 year) acute coronary syndrome. However, these data are potentially confounded by small sample sizes, low event rates, and variable outcome reporting. There was also high clinical heterogeneity among the studies, which may not reflect contemporary practice.ConclusionsGiven the limitations of these data, it is unclear whether the cardiovascular benefit with influenza vaccination in patients with cardiovascular disease is a true effect. Nevertheless, because of the potential benefit and the low risk of adverse events, the annual influenza vaccine should be recommended for all patients with established cardiovascular disease.
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Project description:Background and Aims: Aspirin leads to substantial benefits for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We aimed to cast more light on aspirin's role for the primary prevention of CVD. Methods: Databases were searched for clinical trials comparing aspirin vs. no aspirin use in this meta-analysis. Efficacy and safety profiles were rigorously investigated. Trial sequential analysis (TSA) was used to determine the robustness of the results. Results: Fourteen studies with 163,840 participants were eligible (mean follow-up 6.2 y). Aspirin intake was found to be associated with 9, 13, and 12% reductions in the risk of cardiovascular events (CV events) (relative risk [RR]: 0.91, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.87-0.96; risk difference (RD): 0.29%; absolute risk percentage (AR%): 7.61%; number needed to treat (NNT): 345), myocardial infarction (RR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.77-0.97; RD: 0.21%; AR%: 11.11%; NNT: 488) and ischemic stroke (RR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.80-0.96; RD: 0.21%; AR%: 16.14%; NNT: 476), respectively; aspirin intake was also associated with 40%, 30%, and 57% increases in the risk of major bleeding (RR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.29-1.53; RD: 0.47%; AR%: 27.85; NNT: 214), intracranial bleeding (RR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.11-1.52; RD: 0.10%; AR%: 22.99%; NNT: 1,000) and major gastrointestinal bleeding (RR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.38-1.78; RD: 0.32%; AR%: 36.70%; NNT: 315), respectively. Further, populations with low doses of aspirin intake (≤100 mg), populations <65 y old or populations with body mass index (BMI) ≧ 25 experienced more advantages; high-risk (10-y cardiovascular risk ≧10%) and full diabetic individuals reported hardly clinical benefits. Conclusion: Aspirin intake was associated with a reduced risk of CV events and an increased incidence of bleeding profiles in primary prevention. It is necessary to identify individual's CVD risk using clear examinations or assessments before aspirin intake, and truly realize individualized prescription.
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Project description:ImportanceThe effects of bempedoic acid on cardiovascular outcomes in statin-intolerant patients without a prior cardiovascular event (primary prevention) have not been fully described.ObjectiveTo determine the effects of bempedoic acid on cardiovascular outcomes in primary prevention patients.Design, setting, and participantsThis masked, randomized clinical trial enrolled 13 970 statin-intolerant patients (enrollment December 2016 to August 2019 at 1250 centers in 32 countries), including 4206 primary prevention patients.InterventionsParticipants were randomized to oral bempedoic acid, 180 mg daily (n = 2100), or matching placebo (n = 2106).Main outcome measuresThe primary efficacy measure was the time from randomization to the first occurrence of any component of a composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), nonfatal stroke, or coronary revascularization.ResultsMean participant age was 68 years, 59% were female, and 66% had diabetes. From a mean baseline of 142.2 mg/dL, compared with placebo, bempedoic acid reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels by 30.2 mg/dL (21.3%) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels by 0.56 mg/L (21.5%), from a median baseline of 2.4 mg/L. Follow-up for a median of 39.9 months was associated with a significant risk reduction for the primary end point (111 events [5.3%] vs 161 events [7.6%]; adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.70 [95% CI, 0.55-0.89]; P = .002) and key secondary end points, including the composite of cardiovascular death, MI, or stroke (83 events [4.0%] vs 134 events [6.4%]; HR, 0.64 [95% CI, 0.48-0.84]; P < .001); MI (29 events [1.4%] vs 47 events [2.2%]; HR, 0.61 [95% CI, 0.39-0.98]); cardiovascular death (37 events [1.8%] vs 65 events [3.1%]; HR, 0.61 [95% CI, 0.41-0.92]); and all-cause mortality (75 events [3.6%] vs 109 events [5.2%]; HR, 0.73 [95% CI, 0.54-0.98]). There was no significant effect on stroke or coronary revascularization. Adverse effects with bempedoic acid included a higher incidence of gout (2.6% vs 2.0%), cholelithiasis (2.5% vs 1.1%), and increases in serum creatinine, uric acid, and hepatic enzyme levels.ConclusionsIn a subgroup of high-risk primary prevention patients, bempedoic acid treatment was associated with reduced major cardiovascular events.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02993406.
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Project description:AimsPrevious studies show a reduced incidence of first myocardial infarction and stroke 1-3 months after influenza vaccination, but it is unclear how underlying cardiovascular risk impacts the association.Methods and resultsThe study used linked Clinical Practice Research Datalink, Hospital Episode Statistics Admitted Patient Care and Office for National Statistics mortality data from England between 1 September 2008 and 31 August 2019. From the data, individuals aged 40-84 years with a first acute cardiovascular event and influenza vaccination occurring within 12 months of each September were selected. Using a self-controlled case series analysis, season-adjusted cardiovascular risk stratified incidence ratios (IRs) for cardiovascular events after vaccination compared with baseline time before and >120 days after vaccination were generated. 193 900 individuals with a first acute cardiovascular event and influenza vaccine were included. 105 539 had hypertension and 172 050 had a QRISK2 score ≥10%. In main analysis, acute cardiovascular event risk was reduced in the 15-28 days after vaccination [IR 0.72 (95% CI 0.70-0.74)] and, while the effect size tapered, remained reduced to 91-120 days after vaccination [0.83 (0.81-0.88)]. Reduced cardiovascular events were seen after vaccination among individuals of all age groups and with raised and low cardiovascular risk.ConclusionsInfluenza vaccine may offer cardiovascular benefit among individuals at varying cardiovascular risk. Further studies are needed to characterize the populations who could derive the most cardiovascular benefits from vaccination.
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Project description: Not available
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