Influenza Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase: Yin⁻Yang Proteins Coevolving to Thwart Immunity.

ABSTRACT: Influenza A virions possess two surface glycoproteins-the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA)-which exert opposite functions. HA attaches virions to cells by binding to terminal sialic acid residues on glycoproteins/glycolipids to initiate the infectious cycle, while NA cleaves terminal sialic acids, releasing virions to complete the infectious cycle. Antibodies specific for HA or NA can protect experimental animals from IAV pathogenesis and drive antigenic variation in their target epitopes that impairs vaccine effectiveness in humans. Here, we review progress in understanding HA/NA co-evolution as each acquires epistatic mutations to restore viral fitness to mutants selected in the other protein by host innate or adaptive immune pressure. We also discuss recent exciting findings th

SUBMITTER: Kosik I 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6520700 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature