Beyond PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibition: What the Future Holds for Breast Cancer Immunotherapy.

ABSTRACT: Cancer immunotherapy has altered the management of human malignancies, improving outcomes in an expanding list of diseases. Breast cancer - presumably due to its perceived low immunogenicity - is a late addition to this list. Furthermore, most of the focus has been on the triple negative subtype because of its higher tumor mutational load and lymphocyte-enriched stroma, although emerging data show promise on the other breast cancer subtypes as well. To this point the clinical use of immunotherapy is limited to the inhibition of two immune checkpoints, Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 (PD-1) and Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated Protein 4 (CTLA-4). Consistent with the complexity of the regulation of the tumor - host interactions and their lack of reliance on a single regulatory pathway, comb

SUBMITTER: Chretien S 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6562626 | biostudies-literature | 2019 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature