Report on the methodology applied by EFSA to provide a quantitative assessment of pest-related criteria required to rank candidate priority pests as defined by Regulation (EU) 2016/2031.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7009284 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Jun
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Report on the methodology applied by EFSA to provide a quantitative assessment of pest-related criteria required to rank candidate priority pests as defined by Regulation (EU) 2016/2031.
Baker Richard R Gilioli Gianni G Behring Carsten C Candiani Denise D Gogin Andrey A Kaluski Tomasz T Kinkar Mart M Mosbach-Schulz Olaf O Neri Franco Maria FM Siligato Riccardo R Stancanelli Giuseppe G Tramontini Sara S
EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority 20190605 6
In agreement with Article 6(2) of the Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants, the European Commission has been tasked by the Council and European Parliament to establish a list of Union quarantine pests which qualify as priority pests. The prioritisation is based on the severity of the economic, social and environmental impact that these pests can cause in the Union territory. The Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) is in charge of developing a methodology ...[more]
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Project description:Initiatives in the Capacity Development in Nutrition Research in the Balkan region in the last decade have been toward the creation of contemporary, harmonized Research Infrastructure (RI) compliant with European standards. This study describes the process of creation and implementation of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) EU Menu methodology in the Balkan region during the EFSA support projects for food consumption data collection in four countries (Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and North Macedonia). This process entailed the application and improvement of an innovative tool, the DIET ASSESS and PLAN (DAP), a platform for standardized food consumption data collection and dietary intake assessment. DAP comprises computerized food consumption, anthropometric measurements, and physical activity questionnaires, validated food picture book, and FoodEx2 exposure hierarchy with sets of facet descriptors of the interest. It hosts the Balkan food platform with a Serbian food composition database (FCDB) and Regional FCDB, compliant with European Food Information Resource (EuroFIR™) standards. The implementation of the DAP platform in national dietary surveys conducted with the support of the EFSA EU Menu project in Balkan countries enabled harmonized food consumption data compilation and reporting. Application of the methodology entailed the development of study protocol and extensive education and training of study personnel. The entire data collection process was managed by internal and external survey coordinators. A pilot study was conducted to test the entire data collection and control process and was afterward used to make necessary improvements and adjustments to meet EU Menu requirements. Data collected are internationally comparable with food consumption data in other European countries within the framework of the EU Menu program. The existence of such data in the Balkan region will catalyze research activities in emerging topics, such as identification of dietary patterns, the establishment of national nutrient reference values and food-based dietary guidelines (not only in Serbia, but in the whole Balkan region), dietary exposure assessments, the endorsement and evaluation of new food legislations, the environmental and other effects of diet on the food system. The developed and implemented methodology underpins evidence-based policy-making processes lacking in the field of public health nutrition in the region.
| S-EPMC8811292 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of species in the family Margarodidae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha; Coccoidea). Of 107 species of Margarodidae, 97 are not known to occur in the EU. Margarodids are cosmopolitan soil-dwelling species. The nymphs suck on the roots of host plants, while the adults have no mouthparts and do not feed. Some species are serious destructive pests of grape vines, sugar cane, oil palms, cotton or turf grass. The import of soil or rooted plants for planting with soil are potential pathways for entry. Measures are available to inhibit entry. Non-European species in the genus Margarodes are regulated on Vitis plants for planting by Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IIAI). Non-EU Margarodidae species were categorised into three groups. The first group includes 11 species reported as pests of crop plants that satisfy all of the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess, to be regarded as Union quarantine pests. The second group includes 10 species that are not reported to cause economic damage to plants although they do feed on plants that are grown in the EU; these species do not satisfy all the criteria to be regarded as Union quarantine pests. Uncertainty exists whether species in this group could cause damage if they were introduced into the EU. The third group includes 76 species that appear restricted to climate and soil types that do not occur in the EU, feed on hosts that have limited significance in the EU, or are little studied due to their lack of impact. There is no evidence that these species satisfy the criteria to be regarded as Union quarantine pests in the EU. For completeness, the 10 species of Margarodidae that are known to occur in the EU are named in the opinion.
| S-EPMC7009245 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Gymnosporangium spp. (non-EU), a well-defined and distinguishable group of fungal plant pathogens of the family Pucciniaceae affecting woody species. Many different Gymnosporangium species are recognised, of which at least 14 species are considered not to be native in the European Union. All the non-EU Gymnosporangium species are not known to be present in the EU and are regulated in Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IAI) as harmful organisms whose introduction into the EU is banned. Gymnosporangium spp. are biotrophic obligate plant pathogens. These rust fungi are heteroecious as they require Juniperus, Libocedrus, Callitropsis, Chamaecyparis or Cupressus (telial hosts) and rosaceous plants of subfamily Pomoideae (aecial hosts) to complete their life cycle. The pathogens could enter the EU via host plants for planting (including artificially dwarfed woody plants) and cut branches. They could establish in the EU, as climatic conditions are favourable and hosts are common. They would be able to spread following establishment by movement of host plants for planting and cut branches, as well as by natural dispersal. Should Gymnosporangium spp. (non-EU) be introduced in the EU, impacts can be expected in orchards, ornamental trees and nurseries. On telial hosts, these pathogens cause galls on stems, twigs and branches, and fusiform swellings on stems. Foliar infections on aecial hosts may lead to severe defoliations. The main knowledge gap concerns the limited available information on the biology, distribution range and impact of several non-EU Gymnosporangium spp. The criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration of Gymnosporangium spp. (non-EU) as potential quarantine pests are met, while, for regulated non-quarantine pests, the criterion on the pest presence in the EU is not met.
| S-EPMC7009642 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of non-EU Monochamus spp., a well-defined insect genus in the family Cerambycidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Species can be identified using taxonomic keys at national and regional level, and DNA barcoding. Two online world catalogues exist for the genus. The genus includes about one hundred species and many subspecies colonising conifers and non-conifer trees in many areas in the world. The non-EU species are listed in Annex IAI of Council Directive 2000/29/EC. Although Monochamus spp. colonise weakened or dead trees and have therefore no direct impact, some species vector the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which they inoculate to healthy trees when they proceed to maturation feeding on twigs, causing high mortality among pines in Asia and the EU (Portugal). Sixteen species in Asia and America attack conifers. The main pathways for entry are raw untreated wood and wood products, wood packaging material, particle wood and waste wood, finished wood products and hitchhiking. Monochamus species were categorised in two groups. The first group includes 16 species colonising conifers and absent in the EU known or likely to vector the pine wood nematode. The species in this group satisfy all the criteria to be considered as Union quarantine pests. Measures are in place to prevent the introduction of Monochamus with coniferous wood. The second group gathers all the remaining species, all non-EU species colonising non-conifers. These do not satisfy all the criteria to be considered as Union quarantine pests. As plants for planting are not a pathway for Monochamus spp., and as most of the species within these groups are absent from the EU territory, the two groups do not meet the criteria to be considered as regulated non-quarantine pests.
| S-EPMC7009674 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of non-EU Acleris spp. Acleris is a well-defined insect genus in the family Tortricidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera). Species can be identified using taxonomic keys based on adult morphology and genitalia. The genus includes 261 species attacking conifers and non-conifer plants in many areas in the world, among which 40 species are present in the EU. The non-EU species are collectively listed in Annex IAI of Council Directive 2000/29/EC as Acleris spp. (non-European). Some species are important defoliators in North America, mainly on conifers but also on several broadleaf trees. Females lay eggs on the leaves or on the bark. The larvae bind together with silk the leaves upon which they feed. Pupation occurs in leaves attached with silk or in the soil. Some species are univoltine; others are bivoltine or multivoltine. Flight capacity is not documented, but outbreak expansion suggests that the adults can probably fly long distances. The main pathways for entry are host plants for planting with or without soil, cut branches, fruits of host plants (including cones), round wood with bark and bark. The presence of host plants and suitable EU climate would allow the establishment of the known non-EU harmful species. In the literature, nine non-EU Acleris species are reported as pests on various host plants, namely A. gloverana, A. variana, A. minuta, A. nishidai, A. issikii, A. semipurpurana, A. robinsoniana, A. senescens and A. nivisellana. These non-EU Acleris spp. satisfy all the criteria to be considered as Union quarantine pests. Concerning the other 212 non-EU Acleris species, there is scarce information on host plants, pests status and climatic suitability. Measures are in place to prevent the introduction of non-EU Acleris spp. through the pathways described in the document. As non-EU Acleris spp. are not present in the EU and plants for planting are not the major pathway for spread, non-EU Acleris spp. do not meet the criteria to be considered as regulated non-quarantine pests.
| S-EPMC7008942 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Arceuthobium spp. (non-EU), a well-defined and distinguishable group of parasitic plant species of the family Viscaceae, also known as dwarf mistletoes. These are flowering plants parasitising a wide range of conifers of the families Pinaceae and Cupressaceae. Arceuthobium species (non-EU) are regulated in Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IAI) as harmful organisms whose introduction into the EU is banned. Many Arceuthobium species are recognised, with most dwarf mistletoes native in the New World, and north-western Mexico and the western USA as the centre of diversity for the genus. Only two Arceuthobium species are native (and reported to be present) in the EU (Arceuthobium azoricum and Arceuthobium oxycedrum), which are thus not part of this pest categorisation. Hosts of non-EU dwarf mistletoes include species of the genera Abies, Cupressus, Juniperus, Larix, Picea, Pinus, Pseudotsuga and Tsuga. Most Arceuthobium spp. can parasitise more than one species of conifer host. Dwarf mistletoes could enter the EU via host plants for planting and cut branches, but these pathways are closed. They could establish in the EU, as hosts are widespread and climatic conditions are favourable. They would be able to spread following establishment by human movement of host plants for planting and cut branches, as well as natural spread. Should non-EU dwarf mistletoes be introduced in the EU, impacts can be expected on coniferous woodlands, plantations, ornamental trees and nurseries. The main uncertainties concern (i) the precise distribution and host range of the individual Arceuthobium spp. and (ii) the level of susceptibility of conifers native to Europe. For Arceuthobium spp. (non-EU) as a group of organisms, the criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration as a potential quarantine pest are met, while, for regulated non-quarantine pests, the criterion on the pest presence in the EU is not met.
| S-EPMC7009610 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Cronartium spp. (non-EU), a well-defined and distinguishable group of fungal pathogens of the family Cronartiaceae. There are at least 40 species described within the Cronartium genus, of which two are considered native to the EU (C. gentianeum and C. pini) and one has been introduced in the 19th century (C. ribicola) and is now widespread in the EU - these three species are thus not part of this pest categorisation. In addition, the non-EU C. harknessii, C. kurilense and C. sahoanum were already dealt with in a previous pest categorisation. All the non-EU Cronartium species are not known to be present in the EU and are regulated in Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IAI) as harmful organisms whose introduction into the EU is banned. Cronartium spp. are biotrophic obligate plant pathogens. Many of the North American Cronartium species alternate between the aecial host Pinus spp. and telial hosts of various dicotyledonous plants. C. conigenum, C. orientale, C. quercuum and C. strobilinum have different Quercus spp. as their telial hosts. C. orientale and C. quercuum also infect Castanea spp. and Castanopsis spp. The pathogens could enter the EU via host plants for planting and cut flowers and branches. Non-EU Cronartium spp. could establish in the EU, as climatic conditions are favourable to many of them and Pinus and Quercus spp. are common. The pathogens would be able to spread following establishment by movement of host plants, as well as natural spread. Should non-EU Cronartium spp. be introduced in the EU, impacts can be expected on pine, oak and chestnut woodlands, plantations, ornamental trees and nurseries. The Cronartium species present in North America cause important tree diseases. Symptoms on Pinus spp. differ between Cronartium spp., but include galls, cankers, dieback of branches and stems, deformity, tree and cone death. The main knowledge gap concerns the limited available information on (sub)tropical Cronartium spp. The criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration of Cronartium spp. (non-EU) as potential quarantine pests are met, while, for regulated non-quarantine pests, the criterion on the pest presence in the EU is not met.
| S-EPMC7009431 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of non-EU Choristoneura spp. Choristoneura is a well-defined insect genus in the family Tortricidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera). Species can be identified using taxonomic keys and molecular methods. The genus includes 52 species and subspecies colonising conifers and non-conifer trees in many areas in the world, among which five species are present in the EU. The non-EU species are listed in Annex IAI of Council Directive 2000/29/EC as Choristoneura spp. (non-European). Some Choristoneura species are important defoliators in North America, mainly on conifers but also on several broadleaf tree species and on non-forest crops. Females lay eggs in batches on the needles or the leaves, and overwintering occurs at the larval stage in a silken hibernaculum. Most species are univoltine, some are bivoltine and at least one subspecies has a 2-year life cycle. Pupation occurs on the twigs of conifers or in folded leaves of broadleaf trees. The adults are strong flyers, and the larvae can disperse by ballooning. The main pathways for entry are plants for planting, cut branches, fruits of host plants (including cones), round wood with bark and bark. Suitable host plants and climate would allow the establishment in the EU of the known, North American harmful species. Non-EU Choristoneura spp. satisfy all the criteria to be considered as Union quarantine pests. Measures are in place to prevent the introduction of non-EU Choristoneura spp. through the pathways described above. As non-EU Choristoneura spp. are not present in the EU and plants for planting are not the major pathway for spread, non-EU Choristoneura spp. do not meet the criteria to be considered as regulated non-quarantine pests.
| S-EPMC7009151 | biostudies-literature
Project description:SignificanceThe introduction of trees outside their native ranges has greatly expanded the potential ranges of their pathogens and insect pests, which risk spilling over and impacting native flora. However, we often lack a strong understanding of the host, climatic, and geographic factors that allow pests to establish outside their hosts' native ranges. Using global datasets of pest occurrences and the native and nonnative ranges of tree hosts, we show there are strong generalizable trends controlling pest occurrences and can predict the occurrence of pests outside their hosts' native ranges with >75% accuracy. Our modeling framework offers a powerful tool to identify future invasive pest species and the ecological mechanisms controlling the accumulation of pests outside their hosts' native ranges.
| S-EPMC9060442 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Following a request from the EU Commission, the Panel on Plant Health has addressed the pest categorisation of non-EU isolates of potato virus M (PVM). The information currently available on geographical distribution, biology, epidemiology, potential entry pathways, potential additional impact compared to the current situation in the EU and availability of control measures of non-EU isolates of PVM has been evaluated with regard to the criteria to qualify as a potential Union quarantine pest. Because non-EU isolates of PVM are absent from the EU, they do not meet one of the requirements to be regulated as a regulated non-quarantine pest (RNQP) (presence in the EU); as a consequence, the Panel decided not to evaluate the other RNQP criteria for these isolates. Populations of PVM can be subdivided into two strains: the ordinary strain (PVM-O) is present in the EU, while the divergent strain (PVM-D) is absent from the EU or considered to have at most a limited distribution in the EU. Non-EU isolates of PVM-O are not expected to have an additional impact in the EU compared to EU isolates and therefore do not meet the corresponding criterion to qualify as a potential Union quarantine pest. The Panel is unable to conclude on the potential impact of non-EU PVM-D isolates in the EU territory, but PVM-D isolates meet all the other criteria to qualify as a potential Union quarantine pest.
| S-EPMC7008812 | biostudies-literature