Project description:Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) cause china epidemics with high morbidity and mortality, the infection has been transmitted to other countries. About three neonates and more than 230 children cases are reported. The disease condition of the main children was mild. There is currently no evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted transplacentally from mother to the newborn. The treatment strategy for children with Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is based on adult experience. Thus far, no deaths have been reported in the pediatric age group. This review describes the current understanding of COVID-19 infection in newborns and children.
Project description:The large GTPase dynamin is the first protein shown to catalyze membrane fission. Dynamin and its related proteins are essential to many cell functions, from endocytosis to organelle division and fusion, and it plays a critical role in many physiological functions such as synaptic transmission and muscle contraction. Research of the past three decades has focused on understanding how dynamin works. In this review, we present the basis for an emerging consensus on how dynamin functions. Three properties of dynamin are strongly supported by experimental data: first, dynamin oligomerizes into a helical polymer; second, dynamin oligomer constricts in the presence of GTP; and third, dynamin catalyzes membrane fission upon GTP hydrolysis. We present the two current models for fission, essentially diverging in how GTP energy is spent. We further discuss how future research might solve the remaining open questions presently under discussion.
Project description:BackgroundPneumonia is the single largest cause of death in under-five children worldwide. We conducted a systematic review to identify the knowledge gaps around childhood pneumonia in Bhutan.MethodsWe searched PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google scholar from conception to 3rd December 2018, World Health Organization, UNICEF, Bhutan's Ministry of Health and other local databases for relevant reports. We included any report describing pneumonia in Bhutanese children with regards to the burden of the disease, aetiology, related risk factors, clinical and prognostic characteristics, surveillance systems and national preventive strategies. Two review authors identified the records. We summarized the findings narratively.ResultsWe included 44 records. Although with notable decreasing trends, pneumonia is still accountable for a high burden and mortality rate in Bhutanese children. The national surveillance system focuses mainly on influenza identification but has recently introduced other viral aetiology to monitor. We found very scarce or no data with regard to the bacterial aetiology, related risk factors and clinico-radiological and prognostic characteristics.ConclusionThere is a dearth of data regarding the epidemiological, microbiological, clinical and radiological characteristics of pneumonia in children in Bhutan, leading to challenges while implementing evidence-based management and effective national preventive strategies.
Project description:In patients with diabetes, where cardiovascular morbidity is highly prevalent, recent cardiovascular outcomes trials have identified therapies in the modern glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) classes that significantly reduce cardiovascular events. A number of drugs in both classes have demonstrated reductions in the risk of the composite outcome of major adverse cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular death). In addition, SGLT2i drugs have a substantial impact on hospitalization for heart failure. Because GLP-1RA and SGLT2i are effective in reducing cardiovascular events, independent of their effects on blood glucose, cardiologists should be familiar with how to use them. This review outlines the evidence of cardiovascular benefit for current GLP-1RA and SGLT2i drugs, practical information for prescribing them, and putative mechanisms, so that these therapies can be incorporated along with antihypertensives, statins, and antiplatelet therapies into the routine care of patients.
Project description:Purpose of reviewSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in December 2019, rapidly reaching global pandemic proportions. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has presented unique challenges to the rheumatology community. It is known that many individuals with rheumatic disease are at increased risk of severe disease from other infections, sparking a similar fear for COVID-19. In addition, medications routinely used in rheumatology practice are being trialled as treatments, with the potential for drug shortages for rheumatology patients.Recent findingsUnderlying comorbidities and active disease are associated with worse COVID-19 outcomes in patients with rheumatic disease. Tocilizumab and hydroxychloroquine have not proven to be effective treatments in the management of COVID-19. Telehealth has become an essential tool for the rheumatology community to monitor patients during the pandemic. In this article, we summarise the available COVID-19 evidence that is of relevance to the rheumatology community. We discuss the risk of contracting COVID-19 in individuals with rheumatic disease, along with presenting features and clinical outcomes. We provide an overview of the treatments for COVID-19 which have significance for rheumatology. We highlight published recommendations which can guide our management of rheumatic disease populations during this pandemic. Finally, we discuss the challenges in delivering effective care virtually and present methods and tools which could be adapted for use.
Project description:Podcasts have become increasingly popular tools for medical education in recent years. Only requiring a computer or smart phone, podcasts are readily accessible to healthcare professionals, helping to disseminate medical information quickly and creating a wide community of listeners. With numerous medical podcasts available and limited spare time, it can be challenging for a healthcare professional to identify the most high-yield podcast. This perspectives piece describes the role of podcasts in medical education before sharing five in-depth recommendations from Yale School of Nursing and Yale School of Medicine students and faculty. These five podcasts are: The Curbsiders Internal Medicine Podcast, Flip the Script, The Clinical Problem Solvers, 2 Docs Talk, and Key Literature in Medical Education (KeyLIME) Podcast. Each podcast summary includes its average length, the episode frequency, the intended audience, a brief description, a representative episode, and quotes from interviews with the podcast hosts.