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Red and blue light differentially impact retrograde signalling and photoprotection in rice.

ABSTRACT: Chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signalling (RS) is known to impact plant growth and development. In Arabidopsis, we and others have shown that RS affects seedling establishment by inhibiting deetiolation. In the presence of lincomycin, a chloroplast protein synthesis inhibitor that triggers RS, Arabidopsis light-grown seedlings display partial skotomorphogenesis with undeveloped plastids and closed cotyledons. By contrast, RS in monocotyledonous has been much less studied. Here, we show that emerging rice seedlings exposed to lincomycin do not accumulate chlorophyll but otherwise remain remarkably unaffected. However, by using high red (R) and blue (B) monochromatic lights in combination with lincomycin, we have uncovered a RS inhibition of length and a reduction in the B light-induced declination of the second leaf. Furthermore, we present data showing that seedlings grown in high B and R light display different non-photochemical quenching capacity. Our findings support the view that excess B and R light impact seedling photomorphogenesis differently to photoprotect and optimize the response to high-light stress. This article is part of the theme issue 'Retrograde signalling from endosymbiotic organelles'.

SUBMITTER: Duan L

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7209963 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Red and blue light differentially impact retrograde signalling and photoprotection in rice.

Duan Liu L Ruiz-Sola M Águila MÁ Couso Ana A Veciana Nil N Monte Elena E

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences 20200504 1801

Chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signalling (RS) is known to impact plant growth and development. In <i>Arabidopsis</i>, we and others have shown that RS affects seedling establishment by inhibiting deetiolation. In the presence of lincomycin, a chloroplast protein synthesis inhibitor that triggers RS, <i>Arabidopsis</i> light-grown seedlings display partial skotomorphogenesis with undeveloped plastids and closed cotyledons. By contrast, RS in monocotyledonous has been much less studied. Here, ...[more]

PMID: 32362254

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Project description:Red and blue artificial light sources are commonly used as photosynthetic lighting in smart farm facilities, and they can affect the metabolisms of various primary and secondary metabolites. Although the soybean plant contains major flavonoids such as isoflavone and flavonol, using light factors to produce specific flavonoids from this plant remains difficult because the regulation of light-responded flavonoids is poorly understood. In this study, metabolic profiling of soybean seedlings in response to red and blue lights was evaluated, and the isoflavone-flavonol regulatory mechanism under different light irradiation periods was elucidated. Profiling of metabolites, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, amino acids, organic acids, free sugars, alcohol sugars, and sugar acids, revealed that specific flavonol, isoflavone, and phenolic acid showed irradiation time-dependent accumulation. Therefore, the metabolic gene expression level and accumulation of isoflavone and flavonol were further investigated. The light irradiation period regulated kaempferol glycoside, the predominant flavonol in soybeans, with longer light irradiation resulting in higher kaempferol glycoside content, regardless of photosynthetic lights. Notably, blue light stimulated kaempferol-3-O-(2,6-dirhamnosyl)-galactoside accumulation more than red light. Meanwhile, isoflavones were controlled differently based on isoflavone types. Malonyl daidzin and malonyl genistin, the predominant isoflavones in soybeans, were significantly increased by short-term red light irradiation (12 and 36 h) with higher expressions of flavonoid biosynthetic genes, which contributed to the increased total isoflavone level. Although most isoflavones increased in response to red and blue lights, daidzein increased in response only to red light. In addition, prolonged red light irradiation downregulated the accumulation of glycitin types, suggesting that isoflavone's structural specificity results in different accumulation in response to light. Overall, these findings suggest that the application of specific wavelength and irradiation periods of light factors enables the regulation and acquisition of specialized metabolites from soybean seedlings.

Project description:Red and blue light are traditionally believed to have a higher quantum yield of CO2 assimilation (QY, moles of CO2 assimilated per mole of photons) than green light, because green light is absorbed less efficiently. However, because of its lower absorptance, green light can penetrate deeper and excite chlorophyll deeper in leaves. We hypothesized that, at high photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), green light may achieve higher QY and net CO2 assimilation rate (A n) than red or blue light, because of its more uniform absorption throughtout leaves. To test the interactive effects of PPFD and light spectrum on photosynthesis, we measured leaf A n of "Green Tower" lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under red, blue, and green light, and combinations of those at PPFDs from 30 to 1,300 μmol⋅m-2⋅s-1. The electron transport rates (J) and the maximum Rubisco carboxylation rate (V c,max) at low (200 μmol⋅m-2⋅s-1) and high PPFD (1,000 μmol⋅m-2⋅s-1) were estimated from photosynthetic CO2 response curves. Both QY m,inc (maximum QY on incident PPFD basis) and J at low PPFD were higher under red light than under blue and green light. Factoring in light absorption, QY m,abs (the maximum QY on absorbed PPFD basis) under green and red light were both higher than under blue light, indicating that the low QY m,inc under green light was due to lower absorptance, while absorbed blue photons were used inherently least efficiently. At high PPFD, the QY inc [gross CO2 assimilation (A g)/incident PPFD] and J under red and green light were similar, and higher than under blue light, confirming our hypothesis. V c,max may not limit photosynthesis at a PPFD of 200 μmol m-2 s-1 and was largely unaffected by light spectrum at 1,000 μmol⋅m-2⋅s-1. A g and J under different spectra were positively correlated, suggesting that the interactive effect between light spectrum and PPFD on photosynthesis was due to effects on J. No interaction between the three colors of light was detected. In summary, at low PPFD, green light had the lowest photosynthetic efficiency because of its low absorptance. Contrary, at high PPFD, QY inc under green light was among the highest, likely resulting from more uniform distribution of green light in leaves.

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Red and blue light differentially impact retrograde signalling and photoprotection in rice.

Publications

Red and blue light differentially impact retrograde signalling and photoprotection in rice.

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