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Shaping caustics into propagation-invariant light.

ABSTRACT: Structured light has revolutionized optical particle manipulation, nano-scaled material processing, and high-resolution imaging. In particular, propagation-invariant light fields such as Bessel, Airy, or Mathieu beams show high robustness and have a self-healing nature. To generalize such beneficial features, these light fields can be understood in terms of caustics. However, only simple caustics have found applications in material processing, optical trapping, or cell microscopy. Thus, these technologies would greatly benefit from methods to engineer arbitrary intensity shapes well beyond the standard families of caustics. We introduce a general approach to arbitrarily shape propagation-invariant beams by smart beam design based on caustics. We develop two complementary methods, and demonstrate various propagation-invariant beams experimentally, ranging from simple geometric shapes to complex image configurations such as words. Our approach generalizes caustic light from the currently known small subset to a complete set of tailored propagation-invariant caustics with intensities concentrated around any desired curve.

SUBMITTER: Zannotti A

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7367875 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Shaping caustics into propagation-invariant light.

Zannotti Alessandro A Denz Cornelia C Alonso Miguel A MA Dennis Mark R MR

Nature communications 20200717 1

Structured light has revolutionized optical particle manipulation, nano-scaled material processing, and high-resolution imaging. In particular, propagation-invariant light fields such as Bessel, Airy, or Mathieu beams show high robustness and have a self-healing nature. To generalize such beneficial features, these light fields can be understood in terms of caustics. However, only simple caustics have found applications in material processing, optical trapping, or cell microscopy. Thus, these te ...[more]

PMID: 32681123

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Project description:Observational pieces of evidence of space probes Voyagers and IBEX to study the Sun's heliosphere, the outer Solar system, and interstellar space beyond the Sun's heliosphere indicate that perturbations in some regions may occur in situations out of the pure thermal equilibrium, e.g., in the outer heliosphere regions, the inner heliosheath regions, and in heliopause regions. The data analysis extracted from these probes also shows that the transitions between the near/far-equilibrium states may happen in some areas, e.g., the slow solar wind [Formula: see text] (Ulysses) plasmas and the fast solar wind [Formula: see text] plasmas. The modern formalism of the kappa distributions explains the distinction between the near/far-equilibrium states under the value of the kappa index, as an intensive thermodynamic parameter. For providing more clarity to this formalism, an invariant kappa index as the zero dimensionality spectral index [Formula: see text] is determined to consider the physical and thermodynamic feature of the kappa index in space plasmas, where it is independent of the dimensionality, the degrees of freedom, or the numbers of particles. Recently, this idea has extended for studying the invariant ion-acoustic waves (IAWs) in the astrophysical plasmas. Then, we discussed the pure thermodynamic features of the background particles. By utilizing [Formula: see text], we found the distinction of the involved IAWs diagrams in the near/far-equilibrium states and also the transition from far-equilibrium states to the near-equilibrium states in the vicinity of a critical spectral/polytropic index. This paper extends the invariant formalism of the ion waves to the propagation features and structure of the nonlinear perturbations in the outer Solar system and interstellar space beyond the Sun's heliosphere relevant to the mentioned observational evidences. We study the propagation and allowed domains of the invariant ion-acoustic solitary waves (IASWs) by considering the advanced aspects of the kappa distribution formalism. The central parameters of our formalism for analysis of the allowed domains of the solitary waves and shocks are the polytropic (adiabatic) index associated with the kappa distributed electrons, [Formula: see text], and a well-defined and extended Mach number [Formula: see text] (the fractional wave speed to the generalized ion-sound speed). We have used Sagdeev's methodology for deriving the energy-integral equation of the IASWs, which describes the formation of the possible potential wells (pseudo-potentials) for trapping the arbitrary amplitude solitons (pseudo-particles). The analysis of the Mach number domains is developed by extracting [Formula: see text] domains for the possibility of the solitary wave solutions in the plasma. We also show variation of the relevant [Formula: see text] domains. The formalism of the energy-integral equation and the domains of invariant IASWs has illustrated in two cases. At first, we show the general aspects of the problem by considering [Formula: see text] (the cold ion plasma limit), and then we extend it to a warm plasma with finite-temperature ions.

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Shaping caustics into propagation-invariant light.

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Shaping caustics into propagation-invariant light.

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