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Uptake of Sulfate from Ambient Water by Freshwater Animals.

ABSTRACT: To better understand how the sulfate (SO₄ ^2-) anion may contribute to the adverse effects associated with elevated ionic strength or salinity in freshwaters, we measured the uptake and efflux of SO₄ ^2- in four freshwater species: the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas, Teleostei: Cyprinidae), paper pondshell (Utterbackia imbecillis, Bivalvia: Unionidae), red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii, Crustacea: Cambaridae), and two-lined mayfly (Hexagenia bilineata, Insecta: Ephemeridae). Using δ( ³⁴ S/ ³² S) stable isotope ratios and the concentrations of S and SO₄ ^2-, we measured the SO₄ ^2- influx rate (J _in ), net flux (J _net ), and efflux rate (J_out) during a 24 h exposure period. For all four species, the means of J _in for SO₄ ^2- were positive, and J _in was significantly greater than 0 at both target SO₄ ^2- concentrations in the fish and mollusk and at the lower SO₄ ^2- concentration in the crayfish. The means of J _out and J _net were much more variable than those for J _in , but several species by target SO₄ ^2- concentration combinations for J _out and J _net , were negative, which suggests the net excretion of SO₄ ^2- by the animals. The results of our experiments suggest a greater regulation of SO₄ ^2- in freshwater animals than has been previously reported.

SUBMITTER: Griffith MB

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7376752 | biostudies-literature | 2020 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Uptake of Sulfate from Ambient Water by Freshwater Animals.

Griffith Michael B MB Lazorchak James M JM Haring Herman H

Water 20200501 5

To better understand how the sulfate (SO4 2-) anion may contribute to the adverse effects associated with elevated ionic strength or salinity in freshwaters, we measured the uptake and efflux of SO4 2- in four freshwater species: the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas, Teleostei: Cyprinidae), paper pondshell (Utterbackia imbecillis, Bivalvia: Unionidae), red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii, Crustacea: Cambaridae), and two-line ...[more]

PMID: 32704397

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Project description:Oligoarginine and guanidinium-rich molecular transporters have been shown to facilitate the intracellular delivery of a diverse range of biologically relevant cargos. Several such transporters have been suggested to interact with cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans as part of their cell-entry pathway. Unlike for other guanidinium-rich transporters, the cellular uptake of guanidinoglycosides at nanomolar concentrations is exclusively heparan sulfate dependent. As distinct cells differ in their expression levels and/or the composition of cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans, one might be able to exploit such differences to selectively target certain cell types. To systematically investigate the nature of their cell-surface interactions, monomeric and dimeric guanidinoglycosides were synthesized by using neomycin, paromomycin, and tobramycin as scaffolds. These transporters differ in the number and 3D arrangement of their guanidinium groups. Their cellular uptake was measured by flow cytometry in wild-type and mutant Chinese hamster ovary cells after the corresponding fluorescent streptavidin-phycoerythrin-Cy5 conjugates had been generated. All derivatives showed negligible uptake in mutant cells lacking heparan sulfate. Decreasing the number of guanidinium groups diminished uptake, but the three dimensional arrangement of these groups was less important for cellular delivery. Whereas conjugates prepared with the monomeric carriers showed significantly reduced uptake in mutant cells expressing heparan sulfate chains with altered patterns of sulfation, conjugates prepared with the dimeric guanidinoglycosides could overcome this deficiency and maintain high levels of uptake in such deficient cells. This finding suggests that cellular uptake depends on the valency of the transporter and both the content and arrangement of the sulfate groups on the cell-surface receptors. Competition studies with chemically desulfated or carboxy-reduced heparin derivatives corroborated these observations. Taken together, these findings show that increasing the valency of the transporters retains heparan sulfate specificity and provides reagents that could distinguish different cell types based on the specific composition of their cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans.

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Uptake of Sulfate from Ambient Water by Freshwater Animals.

Publications

Uptake of Sulfate from Ambient Water by Freshwater Animals.

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