Activation of both transforming growth factor-β and bone morphogenetic protein signalling pathways upon traumatic brain injury restrains pro-inflammatory and boosts tissue reparatory responses of reactive astrocytes and microglia.

ABSTRACT: Various ligands and receptors of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily have been found upregulated following traumatic brain injury; however, the role of this signalling system in brain injury pathophysiology is not fully characterized. To address this, we utilized an acute stab wound brain injury model to demonstrate that hallmarks of transforming growth factor-β superfamily system activation, such as levels of phosphorylated Smads, ligands and target genes for both transforming growth factor-β and bone morphogenetic protein pathways, were upregulated within injured tissues. Using a bone morphogenetic protein-responsive reporter mouse model, we showed that activation of the bone morphogenetic protein signalling pathway involves primarily astrocytes that demarcate the wound area. In

SUBMITTER: Divolis G 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7425383 | biostudies-literature | 2019

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature