Dataset Information

Papuan mitochondrial genomes and the settlement of Sahul.

ABSTRACT: New Guineans represent one of the oldest locally continuous populations outside Africa, harboring among the greatest linguistic and genetic diversity on the planet. Archeological and genetic evidence suggest that their ancestors reached Sahul (present day New Guinea and Australia) by at least 55,000 years ago (kya). However, little is known about this early settlement phase or subsequent dispersal and population structuring over the subsequent period of time. Here we report 379 complete Papuan mitochondrial genomes from across Papua New Guinea, which allow us to reconstruct the phylogenetic and phylogeographic history of northern Sahul. Our results support the arrival of two groups of settlers in Sahul within the same broad time window (50-65 kya), each carrying a different set of maternal lineages and settling Northern and Southern Sahul separately. Strong geographic structure in northern Sahul remains visible today, indicating limited dispersal over time despite major climatic, cultural, and historical changes. However, following a period of isolation lasting nearly 20 ky after initial settlement, environmental changes postdating the Last Glacial Maximum stimulated diversification of mtDNA lineages and greater interactions within and beyond Northern Sahul, to Southern Sahul, Wallacea and beyond. Later, in the Holocene, populations from New Guinea, in contrast to those of Australia, participated in early interactions with incoming Asian populations from Island Southeast Asia and continuing into Oceania.

SUBMITTER: Pedro N

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7449881 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Papuan mitochondrial genomes and the settlement of Sahul.

Pedro Nicole N Brucato Nicolas N Fernandes Veronica V André Mathilde M Saag Lauri L Pomat William W Besse Céline C Boland Anne A Deleuze Jean-François JF Clarkson Chris C Sudoyo Herawati H Metspalu Mait M Stoneking Mark M Cox Murray P MP Leavesley Matthew M Pereira Luisa L Ricaut François-Xavier FX

Journal of human genetics 20200601 10

New Guineans represent one of the oldest locally continuous populations outside Africa, harboring among the greatest linguistic and genetic diversity on the planet. Archeological and genetic evidence suggest that their ancestors reached Sahul (present day New Guinea and Australia) by at least 55,000 years ago (kya). However, little is known about this early settlement phase or subsequent dispersal and population structuring over the subsequent period of time. Here we report 379 complete Papuan m ...[more]

PMID: 32483274

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Project description:Weight gain achieved during pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) treatment is associated with the likelihood of bacteriological treatment success. It is recognised that weight and body mass index (BMI) characteristics differ between ethnic groups in health and illness states. However there has been no prior investigation of how ethnic differences in BMI might influence tuberculosis treatment outcome. Our aim was to investigate predictors of microbiological response to PTB treatment at the Tuberculosis Clinic in Timika, Papua Province, Indonesia and specifically, to determine the contribution of ethnicity. The population comprises two distinct ethnic groups - Asian (Non-Papuan) and Melanesian (Papuan). We conducted a prospective study of adults with smear-positive PTB. Treatment outcomes were 1- and 2-month sputum culture and time to microscopy conversion. Clinical measures included weight, BMI, chest radiograph, pulmonary function including forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and haemoglobin. One hundred eighty six participants (83 Papuan, 103 non-Papuan Indonesians) were enrolled. At baseline, Papuans had higher mean weight and BMI than non-Papuans (50.0 kg versus 46.9 kg, p?=?0.006 and 20.0 kg/m2 versus 18.7 kg/m2, p?=?0.001 respectively). This was despite having lower mean haemoglobin (11.3 vs 13.1 g/dL, p<0.0001), higher smoking and HIV rates (37% vs 21%, p?=?0.02 and 20% vs 5%, p?=?0.01 respectively) and longer median illness duration (3 vs 2 months, p?=?0.04), but similar radiological severity (proportion with cavities 55% vs 57%, p?=?0.7), sputum smear grade (p?=?0.3) and mean % predicted FEV1 (63% vs 64%, p?=?0.7). By 2 months, Papuans had gained still more weight (mean 5.9 vs 4.2 kg, p?=?0.02), and were more likely to have negative sputum culture (49/56 vs 45/67, p?=?0.02), in univariable and multivariable analyses controlling for other likely determinants of culture conversion. In conclusion, Papuans had better early microbiological outcome from PTB treatment, which may relate to better preservation of weight and greater early weight gain.

Dataset Information

Papuan mitochondrial genomes and the settlement of Sahul.

Publications

Papuan mitochondrial genomes and the settlement of Sahul.

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