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Comparative effects of two multispecies direct-fed microbial products on energy status, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal fermentation, bacterial community, and metabolome of beef steers.

ABSTRACT: We examined the effects of two direct-fed microbials (DFM) containing multiple microbial species and their fermentation products on energy status, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal fermentation, bacterial community, and metabolome of beef steers. Nine ruminally cannulated Holstein steers (mean ± SD body weight: 243 ± 12.4 kg) were assigned to three treatments arranged in a triplicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with three 21-d periods. Dietary treatments were 1) control (CON; basal diet), 2) Commence (PROB; basal diet plus 19 g/d of Commence), and 3) RX3 (SYNB; basal diet plus 28 g/d of RX3). Commence and RX3 are both multispecies DFM products. From day 16 to 20 of each period, feed and fecal samples were collected daily to determine the apparent total tract digestibilities of nutrients using indigestible neutral detergent fiber method. On day 21 of each period, blood samples were collected for analysis of plasma glucose and nonesterified fatty acid. Ruminal contents were collected at approximately 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 18 h after feeding on day 21 for analysis of volatile fatty acids (VFA), lactate, ammonia-N concentrations, bacterial community, and metabolome profile. Total tract digestibilities of nutrients did not differ (P > 0.05) among treatments. Compared with CON, steers fed either supplemental PROB or SYNB had greater (P = 0.04) plasma glucose concentrations. Compared with CON, total ruminal VFA, propionate, isovalerate, and valerate concentrations increased (P ≤ 0.05) or tended to increase (P ≤ 0.10) with either supplemental PROB or SYNB, but were not different (P > 0.05) between PROB and SYNB. Compared with CON, PROB reduced (P ≤ 0.05) the relative abundance of Prevotella 1 and Prevotellaceae UCG-001 but increased (P ≤ 0.05) the relative abundance of Rikenellaceae RC9, Succinivibrionaceae UCG-001, Succiniclasticum, and Ruminococcaceae UCG-002. Supplemental SYNB decreased (P ≤ 0.05) the relative abundance of Prevotella 1 and Prevotellaceae UCG-001 but increased (P ≤ 0.05) the relative abundance of Prevotella 7, Succinivibrio, Succiniclasticum, and Ruminococcaceae UCG-014. Compared with CON, metabolome analysis revealed that some amino acids were increased (P ≤ 0.05) in steers fed PROB. This study demonstrated that, compared with CON, supplementation of either PROB or SYNB altered the ruminal bacterial community and metabolome differently; however, their effects on the ruminal VFA profile and energy status of the steers were not different from each other.

SUBMITTER: Ogunade IM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7461626 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Beef represents a major diet component and one of the major sources of protein in human. The beef industry in the United States is currently undergoing changes and is facing increased demands especially for natural grass-fed beef. The grass-fed beef obtained their nutrients directly from pastures, which contained limited assimilable energy but abundant amount of fiber. On the contrary, the grain-fed steers received a grain-based regime that served as an efficient source of high-digestible energy. Lately, ruminant animals have been accused to be a substantial contributor for the green house effect. Therefore, the concerns from environmentalism, animal welfare and public health have driven consumers to choose grass-fed beef. Rumen is one of the key workshops to digest forage constituting a critical step to supply enough nutrients for animals’ growth and production. We hypothesize that rumen may function differently in grass- and grain-fed regimes. The objective of this study was to find the differentially expressed genes in the ruminal wall of grass-fed and grain-fed steers, and then explore the potential biopathways. In this study, the RNA Sequencing (RNA-Seq) method was used to measure the gene expression level in the ruminal wall. The total number of reads per sample ranged from 24,697,373 to 36,714,704. The analysis detected 342 differentially expressed genes between ruminal wall samples of animals raised under different regimens. The Fisher’s exact test performed in the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software found 16 significant molecular networks. Additionally, 13 significantly enriched pathways were identified, most of which were related to cell development and biosynthesis. Our analysis demonstrated that most of the pathways enriched with the differentially expressed genes were related to cell development and biosynthesis. Our results provided valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms resulting in the phenotype difference between grass-fed and grain-fed cattle. Ruminal wall samples from two randomly chosen animals per group were obtained, totaling four samples. The animals were born, raised and maintained at the Wye Angus farm. This herd, which has been closed for almost 75 years and yielded genetically similar progenies, constitutes an excellent resource to perform transcriptomic analysis. The genetic resemblance among individuals permits us to better control the cause of variation between experimental clusters and individuals. The randomly chosen pairs of animals were part of larger sets of steers that received a particular treatment. All animals received the same diet until weaning. The grain group received conventional diet consisting of corn silage, shelled corn, soy bean and trace minerals. The grass fed steers consumed normally grazed alfalfa; during wintertime, bailage was utilized. The alfalfa has been harvested from land without any fertilizers, pesticides or other chemicals. The steers ate no animal, agricultural or industrial byproducts and never receive any type of grain. Then, the calves were randomly assigned to one diet and exclusively received that regimen until termination. Grain–fed animals reached the market weight around the age of 14 month-old, however, grass-fed steers required approximately 200 additional days to achieve the same weight. Immediately after termination at the Old Line Custom Meat Company (Baltimore, MD) a small piece of ruminal wall was excised, cleaned and preserved at -80°C for posterior processing.

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Comparative effects of two multispecies direct-fed microbial products on energy status, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal fermentation, bacterial community, and metabolome of beef steers.

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