Dataset Information

Continued Emissions of the Ozone-Depleting Substance Carbon Tetrachloride From Eastern Asia.

ABSTRACT: Carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) is an ozone-depleting substance, accounting for about 10% of the chlorine in the troposphere. Under the terms of the Montreal Protocol, its production for dispersive uses was banned from 2010. In this work we show that, despite the controls on production being introduced, CCl₄ emissions from the eastern part of China did not decline between 2009 and 2016. This finding is in contrast to a recent bottom-up estimate, which predicted a significant decrease in emissions after the introduction of production controls. We find eastern Asian emissions of CCl₄ to be 16 (9-24) Gg/year on average between 2009 and 2016, with the primary source regions being in eastern China. The spatial distribution of emissions that we derive suggests that the source distribution of CCl₄ in China changed during the 8-year study period, indicating a new source or sources of emissions from China's Shandong province after 2012.

SUBMITTER: Lunt MF

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7526663 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Continued Emissions of the Ozone-Depleting Substance Carbon Tetrachloride From Eastern Asia.

Lunt M F MF Park S S Li S S Henne S S Manning A J AJ Ganesan A L AL Simpson I J IJ Blake D R DR Liang Q Q O'Doherty S S Harth C M CM Mühle J J Salameh P K PK Weiss R F RF Krummel P B PB Fraser P J PJ Prinn R G RG Reimann S S Rigby M M

Geophysical research letters 20180928 20

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl<sub>4</sub>) is an ozone-depleting substance, accounting for about 10% of the chlorine in the troposphere. Under the terms of the Montreal Protocol, its production for dispersive uses was banned from 2010. In this work we show that, despite the controls on production being introduced, CCl<sub>4</sub> emissions from the eastern part of China did not decline between 2009 and 2016. This finding is in contrast to a recent bottom-up estimate, which predicted a significant de ...[more]

PMID: 33005064

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Project description:Background: Liver fibrosis is a complex inflammatory and fibrogenic process, and the progression of fibrosis leads to cirrhosis. The only therapeutic approaches are the removal of injurious stimuli and liver transplantation. Therefore, the development of anti-fibrotic therapies is desired. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is an endogenous fatty acid amide belonging to the N-acylethanolamines family and contained in foods such as egg yolks and peanuts. PEA has therapeutic anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and neuroprotective effects. However, the effects and roles of PEA in liver fibrosis remain unknown. Here we investigated the therapeutic effects of PEA in rats with liver fibrosis. Methods: We conducted in vitro experiments to investigate the effects of PEA on the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs, LX-2). Liver fibrosis was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of 1.5 mL/kg of 50% carbon tetrachloride twice a week for 4 weeks. Beginning at 3 weeks, PEA (20 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected thrice a week for 2 weeks. Then rats were sacrificed and we performed histological and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses. Results: The expression of α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) induced by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in HSCs was significantly downregulated by PEA. PEA treatment inhibited the TGF-β1-induced phosphorylation of SMAD2 in a dose-dependent manner, and upregulated the expression of SMAD7. The reporter gene assay demonstrated that PEA downregulated the transcriptional activity of the SMAD complex upregulated by TGF-β1. Administration of PEA significantly reduced the fibrotic area, deposition of type I collagen, and activation of HSCs and Kupffer cells in rats with liver fibrosis. Conclusion: Activation of HSCs was significantly decreased by PEA through suppression of the TGF-β1/SMAD signaling pathway. Administration of PEA produced significant improvement in a rat model of liver fibrosis, possibly by inhibiting the activation of HSCs and Kupffer cells. PEA may be a potential new treatment for liver fibrosis.

Dataset Information

Continued Emissions of the Ozone-Depleting Substance Carbon Tetrachloride From Eastern Asia.

Publications

Continued Emissions of the Ozone-Depleting Substance Carbon Tetrachloride From Eastern Asia.

Similar Datasets

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