ABSTRACT: Using Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data for Bolivia, Colombia, Guatemala, and Peru, between 1986 and 2015, this paper explores the relationship between self-identifying as indigenous and/or afro-descendant on child under-5 mortality (n=20,770), stunting (n=15,828), wasting (n=15,827), and anemia (n=13,294). Rural-urban risk analysis suggest that indigenous and/or afro-descendent respondents have higher risk of under-5 mortality, stunting, wasting, and anemia. The same pattern is observed for cross-country risks, particularly for Bolivia and Colombia. Results from logistic multilevel regression models suggest that, even after controlling for geographic, socioeconomic, individual, reproductive, healthcare, and nutritional variables, self-identifying as indi
