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Photonic hybrid state entanglement swapping using cat state superpositions.

ABSTRACT: We propose the use of hybrid entanglement in an entanglement swapping protocol, as means of distributing a Bell state with high fidelity to two parties. The hybrid entanglement used in this work is described as a discrete variable (Fock state) and a continuous variable (cat state super- position) entangled state. We model equal and unequal levels of photonic loss between the two propagating continuous variable modes, before detecting these states via a projective vacuum-one-photon measurement, and the other mode via balanced homodyne detection. We investigate homodyne measurement imperfections, and the associated success probability of the measurement schemes chosen in this protocol. We show that our entanglement swapping scheme is resilient to low levels of photonic losses, as well as low levels of averaged unequal losses between the two propagating modes, and show an improvement in this loss resilience over other hybrid entanglement schemes using coherent state superpositions as the propagating modes. Finally, we conclude that our protocol is suitable for potential quantum networking applications which require two nodes to share entanglement separated over a distance of 5--10 km , when used with a suitable entanglement purification scheme.

SUBMITTER: Parker RC

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7735306 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Photonic hybrid state entanglement swapping using cat state superpositions.

Parker Ryan C RC Joo Jaewoo J Spiller Timothy P TP

Proceedings. Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences 20201118 2243

We propose the use of hybrid entanglement in an entanglement swapping protocol, as means of distributing a Bell state with high fidelity to two parties. The hybrid entanglement used in this work is described as a discrete variable (Fock state) and a continuous variable (cat state super- position) entangled state. We model equal and unequal levels of photonic loss between the two propagating continuous variable modes, before detecting these states via a projective vacuum-one-photon measurement, a ...[more]

PMID: 33363438

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Project description:There is a continuing need to increase the brightness and photostability of fluorophores for use in biotechnology, medical diagnostics, and cell imaging. One approach developed during the past decade is to use metallic surfaces and nanostructures. It is now known that excited state fluorophores display interactions with surface plasmons, which can increase the radiative decay rates, modify the spatial distribution of emission, and result in directional emission. One important example is surface plasmon-coupled emission (SPCE). In this phenomenon, the fluorophores at close distances from a thin metal film, typically silver, display emission over a small range of angles into the substrate. A disadvantage of SPCE is that the emission occurs at large angles relative to the surface normal and at angles that are larger than the critical angle for the glass substrate. The large angles make it difficult to collect all of the coupled emission and have prevented the use of SPCE with high-throughput and/or array applications. In the current article, we describe a simple multilayer metal-dielectric structure that allows excitation with light that is perpendicular (normal) to the plane and provides emission within a narrow angular distribution that is normal to the plane. This structure consists of a thin silver film on top of a multilayer dielectric Bragg grating, with no nanoscale features except for the metal or dielectric layer thicknesses. Our structure is designed to support optical Tamm states, which are trapped electromagnetic modes between the metal film and the underlying Bragg grating. We used simulations with the transfer matrix method to understand the optical properties of Tamm states and localization of the modes or electric fields in the structure. Tamm states can exist with zero in-plane wavevector components and can be created without the use of a coupling prism. We show that fluorophores on top of the metal film can interact with the Tamm state under the metal film and display Tamm state-coupled emission (TSCE). In contrast to SPCE, the Tamm states can display either S or P polarization. The TSCE angle is highly sensitive to wavelength, which suggests the use of Tamm structures to provide both directional emission and wavelength dispersion. Metallic structures can modify fluorophore decay rates but also have high losses. Photonic crystals have low losses but may lack the enhanced light-induced fields near metals. The combination of plasmonic and photonic structures offers the opportunity for radiative decay engineering to design new formats for clinical testing and other fluorescence-based applications.

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Photonic hybrid state entanglement swapping using cat state superpositions.

Publications

Photonic hybrid state entanglement swapping using cat state superpositions.

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