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Reaction Mechanism, Origins of Enantioselectivity, and Reactivity Trends in Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation: A Comprehensive Quantum Mechanics Investigation of a C(sp³)-C(sp³) Cross-Coupling.

ABSTRACT: We utilize quantum mechanics to evaluate a variety of plausible mechanistic pathways for the entirety of the catalytic cycle for asymmetric decarboxylative allylic alkylation of allyl β-ketoesters. We present a mechanistic picture that unites all current experimental observations, including enantioinduction, reaction rate, catalyst resting state, enolate crossover experiments, water tolerance, and the effects of solvation on inner- and outer-sphere mechanisms. Experiments designed to evaluate the fidelity and predictive power of the computational models reveal the methods employed herein to be highly effective in elucidating the reactivity of the catalytic system. On the basis of these findings, we highlight a computational framework from which chemically accurate results are obtained and address the current limitations of the decarboxylative asymmetric allylic alkylation reaction.

SUBMITTER: Cusumano AQ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7802888 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Publications

Reaction Mechanism, Origins of Enantioselectivity, and Reactivity Trends in Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation: A Comprehensive Quantum Mechanics Investigation of a C(sp<sup>3</sup>)-C(sp<sup>3</sup>) Cross-Coupling.

Cusumano Alexander Q AQ Stoltz Brian M BM Goddard William A WA

Journal of the American Chemical Society 20200730 32

We utilize quantum mechanics to evaluate a variety of plausible mechanistic pathways for the entirety of the catalytic cycle for asymmetric decarboxylative allylic alkylation of allyl β-ketoesters. We present a mechanistic picture that unites all current experimental observations, including enantioinduction, reaction rate, catalyst resting state, enolate crossover experiments, water tolerance, and the effects of solvation on inner- and outer-sphere mechanisms. Experiments designed to evaluate th ...[more]

PMID: 32640162

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Project description:In depth mechanistic studies of iridium catalyzed regioselective and enantioselective allylic substitution reactions are presented. A series of cyclometalated allyliridium complexes that are kinetically and chemically competent to be intermediates in the allylic substitution reactions was prepared and characterized by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopies and single-crystal X-ray difraction. The rates of epimerization of the less thermodynamically stable diastereomeric allyliridium complexes to the thermodynamically more stable allyliridium stereoisomers were measured. The rates of nucleophilic attack by aniline and by N-methylaniline on the isolated allyliridium complexes were also measured. Attack on the thermodynamically less stable allyliridium complex was found to be orders of magnitude faster than attack on the thermodynamically more stable complex, yet the major enantiomer of the catalytic reaction is formed from the more stable diastereomer. Comparison of the rates of nucleophilic attack to the rates of epimerization of the diastereomeric allyliridium complexes containing a weakly coordinating counterion showed that nucleophilic attack on the less stable allyliridium species is much faster than conversion of the less stable isomer to the more stable isomer. These observations imply that Curtin-Hammett conditions are not met during iridium catalyzed allylic substitution reactions by η(3)-η(1)-η(3) interconversion. Rather, these data imply that when these conditions exist for this reaction, they are created by reversible oxidative addition, and the high selectivity of this oxidative addition step to form the more stable diastereomeric allyl complex leads to the high enantioselectivity. The stereochemical outcome of the individual steps of allylic substitution was assessed by reactions of deuterium-labeled substrates. The allylic substitution was shown to occur by oxidative addition with inversion of configuration, followed by an outer sphere nucleophilic attack that leads to a second inversion of configuration. This result contrasts the changes in configuration that occur during reactions of molybdenum complexes studied with these substrates previously. In short, these studies show that the factors that control the enantioselectivity of iridium-catalyzed allylic substitution are distinct from those that control enantioselectivity during allylic substitution catalyzed by palladium or molybdenum complexes and lead to the unique combination of high regioselectivity, enantioselectivity, and scope of reactive nucleophile.

Dataset Information

Reaction Mechanism, Origins of Enantioselectivity, and Reactivity Trends in Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation: A Comprehensive Quantum Mechanics Investigation of a C(sp³)-C(sp³) Cross-Coupling.

Publications

Reaction Mechanism, Origins of Enantioselectivity, and Reactivity Trends in Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation: A Comprehensive Quantum Mechanics Investigation of a C(sp<sup>3</sup>)-C(sp<sup>3</sup>) Cross-Coupling.

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Dataset Information

Reaction Mechanism, Origins of Enantioselectivity, and Reactivity Trends in Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation: A Comprehensive Quantum Mechanics Investigation of a C(sp3)-C(sp3) Cross-Coupling.

Publications

Reaction Mechanism, Origins of Enantioselectivity, and Reactivity Trends in Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation: A Comprehensive Quantum Mechanics Investigation of a C(sp<sup>3</sup>)-C(sp<sup>3</sup>) Cross-Coupling.

Similar Datasets

OmicsDI is part of the ELIXIR infrastructure

Tweets

Reaction Mechanism, Origins of Enantioselectivity, and Reactivity Trends in Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation: A Comprehensive Quantum Mechanics Investigation of a C(sp³)-C(sp³) Cross-Coupling.