The UK Government's Vaccine Taskforce: strategy for protecting the UK and the world.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Bingham K
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7833709 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Jan
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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The UK Government's Vaccine Taskforce: strategy for protecting the UK and the world.
Lancet (London, England) 20201027 10268
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Project description:The inaugural EndoLive UK held in the International Convention Centre (ICC) Birmingham on the 12-13 March 2015 was a watershed moment for UK endoscopy and for the British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG). The event provided the perfect platform to demonstrate how the UK is delivering some of the highest quality endoscopic practice, training and research in the world. Organised by UK endoscopy experts and supported by internationally renowned endoscopists such as Professors Paul Fockens, Douglas Rex and Peter Siersema, EndoLive UK pushed back the boundaries of innovation and interaction during a 'Live Endoscopy' event. Frontline Gastroenterology supported the event with a special edition of this journal dedicated to Endoscopic Practice in April 2015. With over 500 people from around the globe attending this first event, the aim of highlighting the very best of UK endoscopy on a national and international stage was achieved. Furthermore, the educational content of the course was developed to be accessible and appropriate to a variety of clinicians with different levels of experience-endoscopy trainees, nurses, General practitioner (GP) endoscopists, gastroenterologists and surgeons. This article reviews this event and its many highlights and successes.
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Project description:ObjectiveTo estimate the impact of the UK government's sugar reduction programme on child and adult obesity, adult disease burden, and healthcare costs.DesignModelling study.SettingSimulated scenario based on National Diet and Nutrition Survey waves 5 and 6, England.Participants1508 survey respondents were used to model weight change among the population of England aged 4-80 years.Main outcome measuresCalorie change, weight change, and body mass index change were estimated for children and adults. Impact on non-communicable disease incidence, quality adjusted life years, and healthcare costs were estimated for adults. Changes to disease burden were modelled with the PRIMEtime-CE Model, based on the 2014 population in England aged 18-80.ResultsIf the sugar reduction programme was achieved in its entirety and resulted in the planned sugar reduction, then the calorie reduction was estimated to be 25 kcal/day (1 kcal=4.18 kJ=0.00418 MJ) for 4-10 year olds (95% confidence interval 23 to 26), 25 kcal/day (24 to 28) for 11-18 year olds, and 19 kcal/day (17 to 20) for adults. The reduction in obesity could represent 5.5% of the baseline obese population of 4-10 year olds, 2.2% of obese 11-18 year olds, and 5.5% of obese 19-80 year olds. A modelled 51 729 quality adjusted life years (95% uncertainty interval 45 768 to 57 242) were saved over 10 years, including 154 550 (132 623 to 174 604) cases of diabetes and relating to a net healthcare saving of £285.8m (€332.5m, $373.5m; £249.7m to £319.8m).ConclusionsThe UK government's sugar reduction programme could reduce the burden of obesity and obesity related disease, provided that reductions in sugar levels and portion sizes do not prompt unanticipated changes in eating patterns or product formulation.
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Project description:Ir-catalyzed hydrosilylation of the alkenyl phosphine borane complex 1 was achieved to give the corresponding products 2. Because the phosphino group coordinates with metals and is unstable under aerobic conditions, the formation of the corresponding borane adduct was effective not only to promote the target hydrosilylation but also to keep 1 stable under aerobic conditions. The removal of coordinated borane from 2 was readily performed with the treatment by 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane to apply to further transformations. The immobilization and following deprotection of 2 on the surface of mesoporous silica were also examined.
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Project description:Developing a safe and effective vaccine against the hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains a top priority for global health. Despite recent advances in antiviral therapies, the high cost and limited accessibility of these treatments impede their widespread application, particularly in resource-limited settings. Therefore, the development of the HCV vaccine remains a necessity. This review article analyzes the current technologies, future prospects, strategies, HCV genomic targets, and the governmental role in HCV vaccine development. We discuss the current epidemiological landscape of HCV infection and the potential of HCV structural and non-structural protein antigens as vaccine targets. In addition, the involvement of government agencies and policymakers in supporting and facilitating the development of HCV vaccines is emphasized. We explore how vaccine development regulatory channels and frameworks affect research goals, funding, and public health policy. The significance of international and public-private partnerships in accelerating the development of an HCV vaccine is examined. Finally, the future directions for developing an HCV vaccine are discussed. In conclusion, the review highlights the urgent need for a preventive vaccine to fight the global HCV disease and the significance of collaborative efforts between scientists, politicians, and public health organizations to reach this important public health goal.
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Project description:Since the first World Health Organization notification on 31 December 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the respiratory disease caused by the coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been responsible for over four million confirmed infections and almost 300 000 deaths worldwide. The pandemic has led to over half of the world's population living under lockdown conditions. To allow normal life to resume, public health interventions will be needed to prevent further waves of infections as lockdown measures are lifted. As one of the most effective countermeasures against infectious diseases, an efficacious vaccine is considered crucial to containing the COVID-19 pandemic. Following the publication of the genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2, vaccine development has accelerated at an unprecedented pace across the world. Here we review the different platforms employed to develop vaccines, the standard timelines of development and how they can be condensed in a pandemic situation. We focus on vaccine development in the UK and vaccines that have entered clinical trials around the world.
| S-EPMC7283842 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Indigo is an ancient dye uniquely capable of producing the signature tones in blue denim; however, the dyeing process requires chemical steps that are environmentally damaging. We describe a sustainable dyeing strategy that not only circumvents the use of toxic reagents for indigo chemical synthesis but also removes the need for a reducing agent for dye solubilization. This strategy utilizes a glucose moiety as a biochemical protecting group to stabilize the reactive indigo precursor indoxyl to form indican, preventing spontaneous oxidation to crystalline indigo during microbial fermentation. Application of a β-glucosidase removes the protecting group from indican, resulting in indigo crystal formation in the cotton fibers. We identified the gene coding for the glucosyltransferase PtUGT1 from the indigo plant Polygonum tinctorium and solved the structure of PtUGT1. Heterologous expression of PtUGT1 in Escherichia coli supported high indican conversion, and biosynthesized indican was used to dye cotton swatches and a garment.
| S-EPMC5866135 | biostudies-literature
Project description:A government target of a maximum 2-week wait for women referred urgently with suspected breast cancer was introduced in April 1999. We have assessed changes in the distributions of waiting times and the proportions of cases meeting proposed targets before and after this date, using clinical audit data on 5750 women attending 19 hospitals in southeast England during the period July 1997-December 2000, who were subsequently found to have breast cancer. The proportion of cases being seen within 2 weeks of referral rose from 66.0 to 75.2%, and the median wait to first appointment fell from 13.6 to 12.3 days, following the introduction of the government target. The proportion of cases waiting 5 weeks or less between first hospital appointment and treatment fell from 83.8 to 80.3%, and median waits for treatment increased from 21.4 to 24.1 days. We also examined the effects on waiting times of various sociodemographic and care related factors. A total of 85.7% of screening cases vs 67.9% of symptomatic cases were seen within 2 weeks, and 95.0% of cases treated with tamoxifen received treatment within 5 weeks, as opposed to 77.6% of cases treated with surgery, 81.2% of chemotherapy cases and 52.8% of radiotherapy cases. While waiting times from GP referral to first hospital appointment have improved since the introduction of the government target, times from first appointment to treatment have increased, and consequently total waiting times have changed little.
| S-EPMC2394370 | biostudies-other
Project description:BackgroundThe current food system in England promotes a population diet that is high in fat, sugar and salt (HFSS). To address this, the UK government has implemented legislation to restrict the promotion of HFSS products in prominent locations (e.g. store entrances, checkouts) in qualifying retailers since October 2022. This study investigated the perceived impact of the legislation for affected stakeholders.MethodsA pre-implementation rapid qualitative evaluation of stakeholder interviews. One hundred eight UK stakeholders participated in the study including 34 consumers, 24 manufacturers and retailers, 22 local authority enforcement officers and 28 academic and charitable health representatives. A participatory conference was used to enable policy recommendations to be confirmed by stakeholders.ResultsStakeholders perceived the legislation to be a 'good first step' towards improving population diet but recognised this needed to be considered amongst a range of long-term obesity policies. Areas of further support were identified and these are presented as six recommendations for government to support the successful implementation of the legislation: (1) provide a free central HFSS calculator, (2) refine legislation to enhance intent and clarity, (3) conduct a robust evaluation to assess intended and unintended outcomes, (4) provide greater support for smaller businesses, (5) provide ring-fenced resources to local authorities and (6) create and communicate a long-term roadmap for food and health.ConclusionsThis legislation has the potential to reduce impulse HFSS purchases and makes a solid start towards creating healthier retail outlets for consumers. Immediate government actions to create a freely accessible HFSS calculator, support smaller businesses and provide additional resources to local authorities would support successful implementation and enforcement. Independent evaluation of the implementation of the legislation will enable monitoring of potential unintended consequences identified in this study and support refinement of the legislation. A long-term roadmap is necessary to outline strategies to support equal access to healthier and sustainable food across the whole food system within the next 20-30 years.
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Project description:The incidence of melanoma continues to increase even as advances in immunotherapy have led to survival benefits in advanced stages. Vaccines are capable of inducing strong, antitumor immune responses with limited toxicity. Some vaccines have demonstrated clinical benefit in clinical trials alone; however, others have not despite inducing strong immune responses. Recent advancements have improved vaccine design, and combining vaccines with other immunotherapies offers promise. This review highlights the underlying principles of vaccine development, common components of vaccines, and the remaining challenges and future directions of vaccine therapy in melanoma.
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