Evolution in Long-Term Stationary-Phase Batch Culture: Emergence of Divergent Escherichia coli Lineages over 1,200 Days.

ABSTRACT: In natural environments, bacteria survive conditions of starvation and stress. Long-term batch cultures are an excellent laboratory system to study adaptation during nutrient stress because cells can incubate for months to years without the addition of nutrients. During long-term batch culture, cells adapt to acquire energy from cellular detritus, creating a complex and dynamic environment for mutants of increased relative fitness to exploit. Here, we analyzed the genomes of 1,117 clones isolated from a single long-term batch culture incubated for 1,200 days. A total of 679 mutations included single nucleotide polymorphisms, indels, mobile genetic element movement, large deletions up to 64 kbp, and amplifications up to ∼500 kbp. During the 3.3-year incubation, two main lineages diverged, e

SUBMITTER: Ratib NR 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7858067 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature