A Review of Multiple Venous Malformations of the Upper Limb: Classification, Genetics, and Pathogenesis.

ABSTRACT: Venous (cavernous) malformations are commonly seen in the upper limb. There is no consensus in the literature regarding the classification of venous malformations. Patients may be viewed as 2 clinical entities: patients with single or multiple lesions. Single venous malformations are sporadic and nonsyndromic, whereas the presence of multiple malformations indicates the presence of either an inherited or an overgrowth (noninherited) disorder. In this article, the author reviews multiple venous malformations of the upper limb, offers a novel classification, and describes their clinical entities along with their genetics and pathogenesis. These clinical entities will also be described by categorizing the cases as per the clinical presentation. Furthermore, the number of cases seen by the aut

SUBMITTER: Al-Qattan MM 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7861650 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature