Centralized softening as a solution to chloride pollution: An empirical analysis based on Minnesota cities.

ABSTRACT: Chloride is a key component of salt, used in many activities such as alkali production, water treatment, and de-icing. Chloride entering surface and groundwater is a concern due to its toxicity to aquatic life and potential to degrade drinking water sources. Minnesota being a hard-water state, has a high demand for water softening. Recent research has found that home-based water softeners contribute significantly to chloride loading at municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Because of this, many WWTPs would now require water quality based effluent limits (WQBELs) to comply with the state's chloride water quality standards (WQS), unless they install chloride treatment technologies, which are limited and cost-prohibitive to most communities. A potential solution to this problem, is s

SUBMITTER: Bakshi B 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7864447 | biostudies-literature | 2021

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature