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How Lewis Acids Catalyze Ring-Openings of Cyclohexene Oxide.

ABSTRACT: We have quantum chemically studied the Lewis acid-catalyzed epoxide ring-opening reaction of cyclohexene epoxide by MeZH (Z = O, S, and NH) using relativistic dispersion-corrected density functional theory. We found that the reaction barrier of the Lewis acid-catalyzed epoxide ring-opening reactions decreases upon ascending in group 1 along the series Cs⁺ > Rb⁺ > K⁺ > Na⁺ > Li⁺ > H⁺. Our activation strain and Kohn-Sham molecular orbital analyses reveal that the enhanced reactivity of the Lewis acid-catalyzed ring-opening reaction is caused by the reduced steric (Pauli) repulsion between the filled orbitals of the epoxide and the nucleophile, as the Lewis acid polarizes the filled orbitals of the epoxide more efficiently away from the incoming nucleophile. Furthermore, we established that the regioselectivity of these ring-opening reactions is, aside from the "classical" strain control, also dictated by a hitherto unknown mechanism, namely, the steric (Pauli) repulsion between the nucleophile and the substrate, which could be traced back to the asymmetric orbital density on the epoxide. In all, this work again demonstrates that the concept of Pauli-lowering catalysis is a general phenomenon.

SUBMITTER: Hansen T

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7901664 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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How Lewis Acids Catalyze Ring-Openings of Cyclohexene Oxide.

Hansen Thomas T Vermeeren Pascal P Yoshisada Ryoji R Filippov Dmitri V DV van der Marel Gijsbert A GA Codée Jeroen D C JDC Hamlin Trevor A TA

The Journal of organic chemistry 20210204 4

We have quantum chemically studied the Lewis acid-catalyzed epoxide ring-opening reaction of cyclohexene epoxide by MeZH (Z = O, S, and NH) using relativistic dispersion-corrected density functional theory. We found that the reaction barrier of the Lewis acid-catalyzed epoxide ring-opening reactions decreases upon ascending in group 1 along the series Cs+ > Rb+ > K+ > Na+ > Li+ > H+. Our activation strain and Kohn-Sham molecular o ...[more]

PMID: 33538169

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Project description:The terpolymerization of carbon dioxide (CO₂), propylene oxide (PO), and cyclohexene oxide (CHO) were performed by both random polymerization and block polymerization to synthesize the random poly (propylene cyclohexene carbonate) (PPCHC), di-block polymers of poly (propylene carbonate⁻cyclohexyl carbonate) (PPC-PCHC), and tri-block polymers of poly (cyclohexyl carbonate⁻propylene carbonate⁻cyclohexyl carbonate) (PCHC-PPC-PCHC). The kinetics of the thermal degradation of the terpolymers was investigated by the multiple heating rate method (Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) method), the single heating rate method (Coats-Redfern method), and the Isoconversional kinetic analysis method proposed by Vyazovkin with the data from thermogravimetric analysis under dynamic conditions. The values of ln k vs. T-1 for the thermal decomposition of four polymers demonstrate the thermal stability of PPC and PPC-PCHC are poorer than PPCHC and PCHC-PPC-PCHC. In addition, for PPCHC and PCHC-PPC-PCHC, there is an intersection between the two rate constant lines, which means that, for thermal stability of PPCHC, it is more stable than PCHC-PPC-PCHC at the temperature less than 309 °C and less stable when the decomposed temperature is more than 309 °C. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) and thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry (TG/FTIR) techniques were applied to investigate the thermal degradation behavior of the polymers. The results showed that unzipping was the main degradation mechanism of all polymers so the final pyrolysates were cyclic propylene carbonate and cyclic cyclohexene carbonate. For the block copolymers, the main chain scission reaction first occurs at PC-PC linkages initiating an unzipping reaction of PPC chain and then, at CHC⁻CHC linkages, initiating an unzipping reaction of the PCHC chain. That is why the T-5% of di-block and tri-block polymers were not much higher than that of PPC while two maximum decomposition temperatures were observed for both the block copolymer and the second one were much higher than that of PPC. For PPCHC, the random arranged bulky cyclohexane groups in the polymer chain can effectively suppress the backbiting process and retard the unzipping reaction. Thus, it exhibited much higher T-5% than that of PPC and block copolymers.

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How Lewis Acids Catalyze Ring-Openings of Cyclohexene Oxide.

Publications

How Lewis Acids Catalyze Ring-Openings of Cyclohexene Oxide.

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