Risk Factors of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma beyond Alcohol and Smoking.

ABSTRACT: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the sixth most common cause of death worldwide. Incidence rates vary internationally, with the highest rates found in Southern and Eastern Africa, and central Asia. Initial observational studies identified multiple factors associated with an increased risk of ESCC, with subsequent work then focused on developing plausible biological mechanistic associations. The aim of this review is to summarize the role of risk factors in the development of ESCC and propose future directions for further research. A systematic search of the literature was conducted by screening EMBASE, MEDLINE/PubMed, and CENTRAL for relevant publications. In total, 73 studies were included that sought to identify risk factors associated with the development of esophageal squam

SUBMITTER: Tarazi M 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7957519 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature