Exposure to Cadmium, Lead, and Tobacco Smoke and the 10-Year Cumulative Incidence of Olfactory Impairment: The Beaver Dam Offspring Study.

ABSTRACT:

Importance

Olfactory impairment is common in older adults. Identification of modifiable risk factors for olfactory impairment at midlife has the potential to reduce the burden of olfactory impairment at older ages.

Objective

To determine the 10-year cumulative incidence of olfactory impairment and evaluate potentially modifiable risk factors for impairment including exposure to cadmium, lead, and tobacco smoke.

Design, setting, and participants

Data from the Beaver Dam Offspring Study, a longitudinal cohort study of sensory health and aging in a general population, were available from examinations at baseline (2005-2008), 5 years (2010-2013), and 10 (2015-2017) years. A total of 2312 participants without olfactory impairment at baseline and with olfaction data availab

SUBMITTER: Schubert CR 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7974831 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature