Dataset Information

Complete mitochondrial genome of the copepod Sinergasilus undulates (Copepoda: Poecilostomatoida).

ABSTRACT: The total mitochondrial genome size of Sinergasilus undulatus is 14,239 bp in length, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and a non-coding control region (D-loop). The overall nucleotide composition of the mitochondrial DNA of S. undulatus is 34.9% A, 35.5% T, 15.7% C, 13.9% G, and 70.4% AT, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the genus Sinergasilus is monophyletic, and S. undulatus is closely related to S. polycolpus. The complete mitochondrial genome of S. undulatus would be useful for species identification, epidemiology, and phylogenetics among Copepods.

SUBMITTER: Hua CJ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8008879 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Complete mitochondrial genome of the copepod Sinergasilus undulates (Copepoda: Poecilostomatoida).

Hua Cong-Jie CJ Su Ming-Yan MY Sun Zhi-Wei ZW Lu Yuan-Hong YH Feng Jin-Mei JM

Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources 20210326 3

The total mitochondrial genome size of Sinergasilus undulatus is 14,239 bp in length, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and a non-coding control region (D-loop). The overall nucleotide composition of the mitochondrial DNA of S. undulatus is 34.9% A, 35.5% T, 15.7% C, 13.9% G, and 70.4% AT, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the genus Sinergasilus is monophyletic, and S. undulatus is closely related to S. ...[more]

PMID: 33829091

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Project description:Parasitic copepods are frequently discovered in many marine animals, and they exhibit great species diversity with remarkable morphological adaptations to their parasitic lifestyle. Similar to their free-living relatives, parasitic copepods usually develop through complex life cycle, but they eventually transform into a modified adult form with reduced appendages. Although the life cycle and distinct larval stages have been described in a few species of parasitic copepods, particularly those infecting commercially valuable marine animals (such as fishes, oysters, and lobsters), very little is known about the developmental process of the species that transformed into extremely simplified adult body plan. This paucity also causes some difficulties when investigating the taxonomy and phylogeny of this kind of parasitic copepods. Here we describe the embryonic development and a series of sequential larval stages of a parasitic copepod, Ive ptychoderae, which is a vermiform endoparasite living inside the hemichordate acorn worms. We devised laboratory regimes that enable us raising large quantity of embryos and free living larvae, and obtaining post-infested I. ptychoderae samples from the host tissues. Using defined morphological features, the embryonic development of I. ptychoderae can be categorized into eight stages (1-, 2-, 4-, 8-, 16- cell stages, blastula, gastrula, and limb bud stages) and the post-embryonic development comprises six larval stages (2 naupliar and 4 copepodid stages). Based on the comparisons of morphological characters in the nauplius stage, our results provide evidence to support that the Ive-group is more closely related to the Cyclopoida, which represents one of the two major clades that contain many highly transformed parasitic copepods. Thus, our results help to resolve the problematic phylogenetic position of the Ive-group in previous study based on analysis using 18S rDNA sequences. Combining with more molecular data, future comparative analyses on the morphological features of copepodid stages will further refine our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships of parasitic copepods.

Project description:The complete sequence of honeybee (Apis mellifera) mitochondrial DNA is reported being 16,343 bp long in the strain sequenced. Relative to their positions in the Drosophila map, 11 of the tRNA genes are in altered positions, but the other genes and regions are in the same relative positions. Comparisons of the predicted protein sequences indicate that the honeybee mitochondrial genetic code is the same as that for Drosophila; but the anticodons of two tRNAs differ between these two insects. The base composition shows extreme bias, being 84.9% AT (cf. 78.6% in Drosophila yakuba). In protein-encoding genes, the AT bias is strongest at the third codon positions (which in some cases lack guanines altogether), and least in second codon positions. Multiple stepwise regression analysis of the predicted products of the protein-encoding genes shows a significant association between the numbers of occurrences of amino acids and %T in codon family, but not with the number of codons per codon family or other parameters associated with codon family base composition. Differences in amino acid abundances are apparent between the predicted Apis and Drosophila proteins, with a relative abundance in the Apis proteins of lysine and a relative deficiency of alanine. Drosophila alanine residues are as often replaced by serine as conserved in Apis. The differences in abundances between Drosophila and Apis are associated with %AT in the codon families, and the degree of divergence in amino acid composition between proteins correlates with the divergence in %AT at the second codon positions. Overall, transversions are about twice as abundant as transitions when comparing Drosophila and Apis protein-encoding genes, but this ratio varies between codon positions. Marked excesses of transitions over chance expectation are seen for the third positions of protein-coding genes and for the gene for the small subunit of ribosomal RNA. For the third codon positions the excess of transitions is adequately explained as due to the restriction of observable substitutions to transitions for conserved amino acids with two-codon families; the excess of transitions over expectation for the small ribosomal subunit suggests that the conservation of nucleotide size is favored by selection.

Dataset Information

Complete mitochondrial genome of the copepod Sinergasilus undulates (Copepoda: Poecilostomatoida).

Publications

Complete mitochondrial genome of the copepod <i>Sinergasilus undulates</i> (Copepoda: Poecilostomatoida).

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