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Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years.

ABSTRACT: Island Southeast Asia has recently produced several surprises regarding human history, but the region's complex demography remains poorly understood. Here, we report ∼2.3 million genotypes from 1,028 individuals representing 115 indigenous Philippine populations and genome-sequence data from two ∼8,000-y-old individuals from Liangdao in the Taiwan Strait. We show that the Philippine islands were populated by at least five waves of human migration: initially by Northern and Southern Negritos (distantly related to Australian and Papuan groups), followed by Manobo, Sama, Papuan, and Cordilleran-related populations. The ancestors of Cordillerans diverged from indigenous peoples of Taiwan at least ∼8,000 y ago, prior to the arrival of paddy field rice agriculture in the Philippines ∼2,500 y ago, where some of their descendants remain to be the least admixed East Asian groups carrying an ancestry shared by all Austronesian-speaking populations. These observations contradict an exclusive "out-of-Taiwan" model of farming-language-people dispersal within the last four millennia for the Philippines and Island Southeast Asia. Sama-related ethnic groups of southwestern Philippines additionally experienced some minimal South Asian gene flow starting ∼1,000 y ago. Lastly, only a few lowlanders, accounting for <1% of all individuals, presented a low level of West Eurasian admixture, indicating a limited genetic legacy of Spanish colonization in the Philippines. Altogether, our findings reveal a multilayered history of the Philippines, which served as a crucial gateway for the movement of people that ultimately changed the genetic landscape of the Asia-Pacific region.

SUBMITTER: Larena M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8020671 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years.

Larena Maximilian M Sanchez-Quinto Federico F Sjödin Per P McKenna James J Ebeo Carlo C Reyes Rebecca R Casel Ophelia O Huang Jin-Yuan JY Hagada Kim Pullupul KP Guilay Dennis D Reyes Jennelyn J Allian Fatima Pir FP Mori Virgilio V Azarcon Lahaina Sue LS Manera Alma A Terando Celito C Jamero Lucio L Sireg Gauden G Manginsay-Tremedal Renefe R Labos Maria Shiela MS Vilar Richard Dian RD Latiph Acram A Saway Rodelio Linsahay RL Marte Erwin E Magbanua Pablito P Morales Amor A Java Ismael I Reveche Rudy R Barrios Becky B Burton Erlinda E Salon Jesus Christopher JC Kels Ma Junaliah Tuazon MJT Albano Adrian A Cruz-Angeles Rose Beatrix RB Molanida Edison E Granehäll Lena L Vicente Mário M Edlund Hanna H Loo Jun-Hun JH Trejaut Jean J Ho Simon Y W SYW Reid Lawrence L Malmström Helena H Schlebusch Carina C Lambeck Kurt K Endicott Phillip P Jakobsson Mattias M

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 20210301 13

Island Southeast Asia has recently produced several surprises regarding human history, but the region's complex demography remains poorly understood. Here, we report ∼2.3 million genotypes from 1,028 individuals representing 115 indigenous Philippine populations and genome-sequence data from two ∼8,000-y-old individuals from Liangdao in the Taiwan Strait. We show that the Philippine islands were populated by at least five waves of human migration: initially by Northern and Southern Negritos (dis ...[more]

PMID: 33753512

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Project description:Background and aimsRecently formed allopolyploid species represent excellent subjects for exploring early stages of polyploid evolution. The hexaploid Cardamine schulzii was regarded as one of the few nascent allopolyploid species formed within the past ∼150 years that presumably arose by autopolyploidization of a triploid hybrid, C. × insueta; however, the most recent investigations have shown that it is a trigenomic hybrid. The aims of this study were to explore the efficiency of progenitor-specific microsatellite markers in detecting the hybrid origins and genome composition of these two allopolyploids, to estimate the frequency of polyploid formation events, and to outline their evolutionary potential for long-term persistence and speciation.MethodsFlow-cytometric ploidy-level screening and genotyping by progenitor-specific microsatellite markers (20 microsatellite loci) were carried out on samples focused on hybridizing populations at Urnerboden, Switzerland, but also including comparative material of the parental species from other sites in the Alps and more distant areas.Key resultsIt was confirmed that hybridization between the diploids C. amara and C. rivularis auct. gave rise to triploid C. × insueta, and it is inferred that this has occurred repeatedly. Evidence is provided that C. schulzii comprises three parental genomes and supports its origin from hybridization events between C. × insueta and the locally co-occurring hypotetraploid C. pratensis, leading to two cytotypes of C. schulzii: hypopentaploid and hypohexaploid. Each cytotype of C. schulzii is genetically uniform, suggesting their single origins.ConclusionsPersistence of C. schulzii has presumably been achieved only by perennial growth and clonal reproduction. This contrasts with C. × insueta, in which multiple origins and occasional sexual reproduction have generated sufficient genetic variation for long-term survival and evolutionary success. This study illustrates a complex case of recurrent hybridization and polyploidization events, and highlights the role of triploids that promoted the origin of trigenomic hybrids.

Dataset Information

Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years.

Publications

Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years.

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