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Therapeutic and Diagnostic Translation of Extracellular Vesicles in Cardiovascular Diseases: Roadmap to the Clinic.

ABSTRACT: Exosomes are small membrane-bound vesicles of endocytic origin that are actively secreted. The potential of exosomes as effective communicators of biological signaling in myocardial function has previously been investigated, and a recent explosion in exosome research not only underscores their significance in cardiac physiology and pathology, but also draws attention to methodological limitations of studying these extracellular vesicles. In this review, we discuss recent advances and challenges in exosome research with an emphasis on scientific innovations in isolation, identification, and characterization methodologies, and we provide a comprehensive summary of web-based resources available in the field. Importantly, we focus on the biology and function of exosomes, highlighting their fundamental role in cardiovascular pathophysiology to further support potential applications of exosomes as biomarkers and therapeutics for cardiovascular diseases.

SUBMITTER: Sahoo S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8021236 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Therapeutic and Diagnostic Translation of Extracellular Vesicles in Cardiovascular Diseases: Roadmap to the Clinic.

Sahoo Susmita S Adamiak Marta M Mathiyalagan Prabhu P Kenneweg Franziska F Kafert-Kasting Sabine S Thum Thomas T

Circulation 20210405 14

Exosomes are small membrane-bound vesicles of endocytic origin that are actively secreted. The potential of exosomes as effective communicators of biological signaling in myocardial function has previously been investigated, and a recent explosion in exosome research not only underscores their significance in cardiac physiology and pathology, but also draws attention to methodological limitations of studying these extracellular vesicles. In this review, we discuss recent advances and challenges ...[more]

PMID: 33819075

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Project description:Extracellular vesicles are released by all cell types and contain proteins, microRNAs, mRNAs, and other bioactive molecules. Extracellular vesicles play an important role in intercellular communication and in the modulation of the immune system and neuroinflammation. The cargo of extracellular vesicles (e.g., proteins and microRNAs) is altered in pathological situations. Extracellular vesicles contribute to the pathogenesis of many pathologies associated with sustained inflammation and neuroinflammation, including cancer, diabetes, hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy, and other neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Extracellular vesicles may cross the blood-brain barrier and transfer pathological signals from the periphery to the brain. This contributes to inducing neuroinflammation and cognitive and motor impairment in hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy and in neurodegenerative diseases. The mechanisms involved are beginning to be understood. For example, increased tumor necrosis factor α in extracellular vesicles from plasma of hyperammonemic rats induces neuroinflammation and motor impairment when injected into normal rats. Identifying the mechanisms by which extracellular vesicles contribute to the pathogenesis of these diseases will help to develop new treatments and diagnostic tools for their easy and early detection. In contrast, extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells have therapeutic utility in many of the above pathologies, by reducing inflammation and neuroinflammation and improving cognitive and motor function. These extracellular vesicles recapitulate the beneficial effects of mesenchymal stem cells and have advantages as therapeutic tools: they are less immunogenic, may not differentiate to malignant cells, cross the blood-brain barrier, and may reach more easily target organs. Extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells have beneficial effects in models of ischemic brain injury, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, hyperammonemia, and hepatic encephalopathy. Extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells modulate the immune system, promoting the shift from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory state. For example, extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells modulate the Th17/Treg balance, promoting the anti-inflammatory Treg. Extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells may also act directly in the brain to modulate microglia activation, promoting a shift from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory state. This reduces neuroinflammation and improves cognitive and motor function. Two main components of extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells which contribute to these beneficial effects are transforming growth factor-β and miR-124. Identifying the mechanisms by which extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells induce the beneficial effects and the main molecules (e.g., proteins and mRNAs) involved may help to improve their therapeutic utility. The aims of this review are to summarize the knowledge of the pathological effects of extracellular vesicles in different pathologies, the therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells to recover cognitive and motor function and the molecular mechanisms for these beneficial effects on neurological function.

Dataset Information

Therapeutic and Diagnostic Translation of Extracellular Vesicles in Cardiovascular Diseases: Roadmap to the Clinic.

Publications

Therapeutic and Diagnostic Translation of Extracellular Vesicles in Cardiovascular Diseases: Roadmap to the Clinic.

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