Fluoride in Drinking Water, Diet, and Urine in Relation to Bone Mineral Density and Fracture Incidence in Postmenopausal Women.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Although randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have demonstrated that high fluoride increases bone mineral density (BMD) and skeletal fragility, observational studies of low-dose chronic exposure through drinking water (<1.5mg/L, the maximum recommended by the World Health Organization) have been inconclusive.

Objective

We assessed associations of fluoride in urine, and intake via diet and drinking water, with BMD and fracture incidence in postmenopausal women exposed to drinking water fluoride ≤1mg/L.

Methods

Data were from participants in the Swedish Mammography Cohort-Clinical, a population-based prospective cohort study. At baseline (2004-2009), fluoride exposure was assessed based on urine concentrations (n=4,306) and estimated dietary intake (including

SUBMITTER: Helte E 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8043127 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature