Theoretical Analysis of Constant Voltage Mode Membrane Capacitive Deionization for Water Softening.

ABSTRACT: Water softening is desirable to reduce scaling in water infrastructure and to meet industrial water quality needs and consumer preferences. Membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) can preferentially adsorb divalent ions including calcium and magnesium and thus may be an attractive water softening technology. In this work, a process model incorporating ion exclusion effects was applied to investigate water softening performance including ion selectivity, ion removal efficiency and energy consumption in a constant voltage (CV) mode MCDI. Trade-offs between the simulated Ca2+ selectivity and Ca2+ removal efficiency under varying applied voltage and varying initial concentration ratio of Na+ to Ca2+ were observed. A cut-off CV mode, which was operated to maximize Ca2+ removal efficiency per cy

SUBMITTER: Zhang X 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8064386 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature