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Carrier and dilution effects of CO₂ on thoron emissions from a zeolitized tuff exposed to subvolcanic temperatures.

ABSTRACT: Radon (²²²Rn) and thoron (²²⁰Rn) are two isotopes belonging to the noble gas radon (sensu lato) that is frequently employed for the geochemical surveillance of active volcanoes. Temperature gradients operating at subvolcanic conditions may induce chemical and structural modifications in rock-forming minerals and their related ²²²Rn-²²⁰Rn emissions. Additionally, CO₂ fluxes may also contribute enormously to the transport of radionuclides through the microcracks and pores of subvolcanic rocks. In view of these articulated phenomena, we have experimentally quantified the changes of ²²⁰Rn signal caused by dehydration of a zeolitized tuff exposed to variable CO₂ fluxes. Results indicate that, at low CO₂ fluxes, water molecules and hydroxyl groups adsorbed on the glassy surface of macro- and micropores are physically removed by an intermolecular proton transfer mechanism, leading to an increase of the ²²⁰Rn signal. By contrast, at high CO₂ fluxes, ²²⁰Rn emissions dramatically decrease because of the strong dilution capacity of CO₂ that overprints the advective effect of carrier fluids. We conclude that the sign and magnitude of radon (sensu lato) changes observed in volcanic settings depend on the flux rate of carrier fluids and the rival effects between advective transport and radionuclide dilution.

SUBMITTER: Mollo S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8074793 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Carrier and dilution effects of CO2 on thoron emissions from a zeolitized tuff exposed to subvolcanic temperatures.

Mollo Silvio S Moschini Piergiorgio P Galli Gianfranco G Tuccimei Paola P Lucchetti Carlo C Iezzi Gianluca G Scarlato Piergiorgio P

Royal Society open science 20210210 2

Radon (222Rn) and thoron (220Rn) are two isotopes belonging to the noble gas radon (sensu lato) that is frequently employed for the geochemical surveillance of active volcanoes. Temperature gradients operating at subvolcanic conditions may induce chemical and structural modifications in rock-forming minerals and their related 222Rn-220Rn emissions. Additionally, CO2 fluxes may also contribute enormously to the transport of radionuclid ...[more]

PMID: 33972858

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Project description:Temperature and CO2 concentration during incubation have profound effects on broiler chick development, and numerous studies have identified significant effects on hatch heart weight (HW) as a result of differences in these parameters. Early life environment has also been shown to affect broiler performance later in life; it has thus been suggested that epigenetic mechanisms may mediate long-term physiological changes induced by environmental stimuli. DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification that can confer heritable changes in gene expression. Using reduced-representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS), we assessed DNA methylation patterns in cardiac tissue of 84 broiler hatchlings incubated at two egg shell temperatures (EST; 37.8°C and 38.9°C) and three CO2 concentrations (0.1%, 0.4%, and 0.8%) from day 8 of incubation onward. We assessed differential methylation between EST treatments and identified 2,175 differentially methylated (DM) CpGs (1,121 hypermethylated, 1,054 hypomethylated at 38.9° vs. 37.8°) in 269 gene promoters and 949 intragenic regions. DM genes (DMGs) were associated with heart developmental processes, including cardiomyocyte proliferation and differentiation. We identified enriched binding motifs among DM loci, including those for transcription factors associated with cell proliferation and heart development among hypomethylated CpGs that suggest increased binding ability at higher EST. We identified 9,823 DM CpGs between at least two CO2 treatments, with the greatest difference observed between 0.8 and 0.1% CO2 that disproportionately impacted genes involved in cardiac muscle development and response to low oxygen levels. Using HW measurements from the same chicks, we performed an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) for HW, and identified 23 significantly associated CpGs, nine of which were also DM between ESTs. We found corresponding differences in transcript abundance between ESTs in three DMGs (ABLIM2, PITX2, and THRSP). Hypomethylation of an exonic CpG in PITX2 at 38.9°C was associated with increased expression, and suggests increased cell proliferation in broiler hatchlings incubated at higher temperatures. Overall, these results identified numerous epigenetic associations between chick incubation factors and heart development that may manifest in long-term differences in animal performance.

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Carrier and dilution effects of CO₂ on thoron emissions from a zeolitized tuff exposed to subvolcanic temperatures.

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Carrier and dilution effects of CO<sub>2</sub> on thoron emissions from a zeolitized tuff exposed to subvolcanic temperatures.

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