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Increased inequalities of per capita CO₂ emissions in China.

ABSTRACT: Designing inter-regional and inter-provincial responsibility-sharing mechanisms for climate change mitigation requires the knowledge of carbon distributions. This study is the first to use a two-sector (i.e., productive and household sectors) inequality decomposition approach to examine the regional, provincial, and national inequalities of per capita CO₂ emissions (CPC) in China, as well as their determinants. We show that the CPC inequality index in China increased from 1.1364 in 2000 to 2.3688 in 2017, with the productive sector accounting for 91.42% of this expansion and households responsible for the rest. The production-side per capita output level, energy efficiency, energy structure, and industrial structure explain 69.01%, 12.81%, 5.57%, and 4.03% of these inequalities, respectively. Further, the household per capita energy consumption and energy structure explain only 8.12% and 0.46%, respectively. Therefore, future responsibility-sharing mechanisms for climate mitigation need to be formulated taking mainly the productive sector into account.

SUBMITTER: Yang J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8087767 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Increased inequalities of per capita CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in China.

Yang Jun J Hao Yun Y Feng Chao C

Scientific reports 20210430 1

Designing inter-regional and inter-provincial responsibility-sharing mechanisms for climate change mitigation requires the knowledge of carbon distributions. This study is the first to use a two-sector (i.e., productive and household sectors) inequality decomposition approach to examine the regional, provincial, and national inequalities of per capita CO<sub>2</sub> emissions (CPC) in China, as well as their determinants. We show that the CPC inequality index in China increased from 1.1364 in 20 ...[more]

PMID: 33931693

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Project description:ObjectivesFollowing well-established practices in demography, this article discusses several measures based on the number of COVID-19 deaths to facilitate comparisons over time and across populations.SettingsNational populations in 186 United Nations countries and territories and populations in first-level subnational administrative entities in Brazil, China, Italy, Mexico, Peru, Spain and the USA.ParticipantsNone (death statistics only).Primary and secondary outcome measuresAn unstandardised occurrence/exposure rate comparable to the Crude Death Rate; an indirectly age-and-sex standardised rate that can be derived even when the breakdown of COVID-19 deaths by age and sex required for direct standardisation is unavailable; the reduction in life expectancy at birth corresponding to the 2020 number of COVID-19 deaths.ResultsTo date, the highest unstandardised rate has been in New York, at its peak exceeding the state 2017 crude death rate. Populations compare differently after standardisation: while parts of Italy, Spain and the USA have the highest unstandardised rates, parts of Mexico and Peru have the highest standardised rates. For several populations with the necessary data by age and sex for direct standardisation, we show that direct and indirect standardisation yield similar results. US life expectancy is estimated to have declined this year by more than a year (-1.26 years), far more than during the worst year of the HIV epidemic, or the worst 3 years of the opioid crisis, and to reach its lowest level since 2008. Substantially larger reductions, exceeding 2 years, are estimated for Panama, Peru, and parts of Italy, Spain, the USA and especially, Mexico.ConclusionsWith lesser demand on data than direct standardisation, indirect standardisation is a valid alternative to adjust international comparisons for differences in population distribution by sex and age-groups. A number of populations have experienced reductions in 2020 life expectancies that are substantial by recent historical standards.

Dataset Information

Increased inequalities of per capita CO₂ emissions in China.

Publications

Increased inequalities of per capita CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in China.

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Dataset Information

Increased inequalities of per capita CO2 emissions in China.

Publications

Increased inequalities of per capita CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in China.

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OmicsDI is part of the ELIXIR infrastructure

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Increased inequalities of per capita CO₂ emissions in China.