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Exploring exchange and direct procurement strategies for Natufian food processing tools of el-Wad Terrace, Israel.

ABSTRACT: We present the results of a detailed geochemical provenance study of 54 Natufian (ca. 15,000-11,700 cal. BP) basalt pestles from the site of el-Wad Terrace (EWT), Israel. It is the first time precise locations from where basalt raw materials were derived are provided. The results indicate that the Natufian hunter-gatherers used multiple sources of basaltic rocks, distributed over a large area surrounding the Sea of Galilee. This area is located at a considerable distance from EWT, ca. 60-120 km away, in a region where contemporaneous Natufian basecamps are few. We consider two possible models that suggest vehicles for the transportation of these artifacts to EWT, namely the exchange obtaining model (EOM) and the direct procurement model (DPM). We argue that these mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and may have operated together. We also suggest that at a time of increasing Natufian territoriality, a large area around the Sea of Galilee remained unclaimed. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the implications for the two models. In particular, we note that the DPM implies that technological know-how for pestle production was maintained within the EWT community.

SUBMITTER: Rosenberg D

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8096842 | biostudies-literature | 2021 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Exploring exchange and direct procurement strategies for Natufian food processing tools of el-Wad Terrace, Israel.

Rosenberg Danny D Gluhak Tatjana M TM Kaufman Daniel D Yeshurun Reuven R Weinstein-Evron Mina M

Scientific reports 20210504 1

We present the results of a detailed geochemical provenance study of 54 Natufian (ca. 15,000-11,700 cal. BP) basalt pestles from the site of el-Wad Terrace (EWT), Israel. It is the first time precise locations from where basalt raw materials were derived are provided. The results indicate that the Natufian hunter-gatherers used multiple sources of basaltic rocks, distributed over a large area surrounding the Sea of Galilee. This area is located at a considerable distance from EWT, ca. 60-120 km ...[more]

PMID: 33947889

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Project description:ImportanceBlood culturing is a critical diagnostic procedure affecting patient outcomes and antibiotic stewardship. Although there are standards for blood culturing, the process is not often measured.ObjectivesTo evaluate processes related to the diagnosis of bloodstream infection and compare them with best practices.Design, setting, and participantsA quality improvement study using laboratory data from January 1 to June 30, 2019, was conducted in 28 (96.6%) Israeli acute care hospitals. All blood cultures (BCs) performed on samples from adults and children in a period of 147 hospital-months were analyzed. Data analysis was performed from April 12, 2021, to September 9, 2022.Main outcomes and measuresTrue pathogen detection rate, contamination rate, proportion of adults with blood cultures performed, proportion of adult culturing episodes with only 1 set or bottle used, and median time of steps from sample collection to pathogen identification.ResultsThe data set consisted of 348 987 BC bottles. Bloodstream infection was detected in a median of 6.7% (IQR, 5.8%-8.2%) of adult culturing episodes and 1.1% (IQR, 0.7%-1.9%) of pediatric episodes. Eleven of 27 hospitals (40.7%) with adult patients met the standard of a contamination rate of less than 3% and only 2 hospitals (7.4%) met the more stringent standard of less than or equal to 1% contamination rate. The percentage of adults with blood cultures ranged from 2.7% to 29.0% (mean [SD], 15.7% [6.0%]). There was an association between sampling rate and pathogen detection until BCs were performed in 17% of adult admissions. The percentage of solitary BCs ranged from 47.8% to 94.4%. An estimated 1745 of 7436 (23.5%) adult bloodstream infections went undetected because solitary BCs were performed, anaerobic bottles were not used, or BCs were not performed. Median processing time was 51.2 (IQR, 33.9-78.0) hours, 3 times the optimal time: 4.4 (IQR, 1.7-12.5) hours for the preanalytical stage, 15.9 (IQR, 10.2-23.6) hours from incubation to growth detection, 4.5 (IQR, 1.5-10.7) hours from detection to Gram stain, and 30.9 (IQR, 22.0-41.9) hours from detection to isolate identification. An 8.6-hour delay was related to off-hours operating of laboratories.Conclusions and relevanceThe findings of this study suggest that the multistep process of blood culturing is not managed comprehensively in Israel, leading to poor clinical practices and delayed results.

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Exploring exchange and direct procurement strategies for Natufian food processing tools of el-Wad Terrace, Israel.

Publications

Exploring exchange and direct procurement strategies for Natufian food processing tools of el-Wad Terrace, Israel.

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