Sexual Dimorphism in Outcomes of Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: A Role of CD163+ Macrophages, B cells, and PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is over three times as common in men as it is in women; however, female patients do not respond as well to immunotherapeutic treatments and experience worse clinical outcomes than their male counterparts. Based on the established sexual dimorphism in mucosal immune responses, we hypothesized that the tumor immune microenvironment of bladder cancer differs between the sexes, and this may contribute to discrepancies in clinical outcomes.

Objective

To determine biological sex-associated differences in the expression of immune regulatory genes and spatial organization of immune cells in tumors from NMIBC patients.

Design setting and participants

Immune regulatory gene expression levels in tumors from male (n = 3

SUBMITTER: Chenard S 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8317911 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature