Cinobufagin-induced DNA damage response activates G₂/M checkpoint and apoptosis to cause selective cytotoxicity in cancer cells.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Processed extracts from toad skin and parotoid gland have long been used to treat various illnesses including cancer in many Asian countries. Recent studies have uncovered a family of bufadienolides as the responsible pharmacological compounds, and the two major molecules, cinobufagin and bufalin, have been shown to possess robust antitumor activity; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood.

Methods

Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by DCFH-DA staining and flow cytometry, and DNA damage was analyzed by immunofluorescent staining and the alkaline comet assay. Cytotoxicity was measured by MTT as well as colony formation assays, and cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry. In addition, apoptosis was further

SUBMITTER: Niu J 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8381584 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature