Dataset Information

Microscale Photopatterning of Through-thickness Modulus in a Monolithic and Functionally Graded 3D Printed Part.

ABSTRACT: 3D printing is transforming traditional processing methods for applications ranging from tissue engineering to optics. To fulfill its maximum potential, 3D printing requires a robust technique for producing structures with precise three-dimensional (x, y and z) control of mechanical properties. Previous efforts to realize such spatial control of modulus within 3D printed parts have largely focused on low-resolution (mm to cm scale) multi-material processes and grayscale approaches that spatially vary the modulus in the x-y plane and energy dose-based (E = I ₀ t _exp) models that do not account for the resin's sub-linear response to irradiation intensity. Here, we demonstrate a novel approach for through-thickness (z) voxelated control of mechanical properties within a single-material, monolithic part. Control over the local modulus is enabled by a predictive model that incorporates the observed non-reciprocal dose response of the material. The model is validated by an application of atomic force microscopy to map the through-thickness modulus on multi-layered 3D parts. Overall, both smooth gradations (30 MPa change over ≈75 μm) and sharp step-changes (30 MPa change over ≈5 μm) in modulus are realized in poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate based 3D constructs, paving the way for advancements in tissue engineering, stimuli-responsive 4D printing and graded metamaterials.

SUBMITTER: Uzcategui AC

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8388578 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Microscale Photopatterning of Through-thickness Modulus in a Monolithic and Functionally Graded 3D Printed Part.

Uzcategui Asais Camila AC Higgins Callie I CI Hergert John E JE Tomaschke Andrew E AE Crespo-Cuevas Victor V Ferguson Virginia L VL Bryant Stephanie J SJ McLeod Robert R RR Killgore Jason P JP

Small science 20201224 3

3D printing is transforming traditional processing methods for applications ranging from tissue engineering to optics. To fulfill its maximum potential, 3D printing requires a robust technique for producing structures with precise three-dimensional (x, y and z) control of mechanical properties. Previous efforts to realize such spatial control of modulus within 3D printed parts have largely focused on low-resolution (mm to cm scale) multi-material processes and grayscale approaches that spatially ...[more]

PMID: 34458889

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Project description:Functionally graded scaffolds (FGSs) designed for bone tissue regeneration exhibit three-dimensional (3D) constructs with spatially varying pores, mirroring the natural bone structure, aiming to offer temporary support and a conducive environment for cells during tissue regeneration in defect sites. While existing research on FGSs has primarily focused on altering pore architecture and tuning biomechanical properties for improved tissue regeneration, limited exploration exists on 3D spatially varying FGSs with multiscale porosity to closely mimic natural bone. In this study, we fabricated and investigated FGSs with macropores varying radially and longitudinally, along with micropores within the struts. Utilizing nonsolvent-induced phase separation integrated with 3D printing, we printed poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)/hydroxyapatite (HA) composite scaffolds with both uniform and FG geometries. Two HA content variations (10 and 20 wt %) were employed to assess their impact on scaffold properties. Rheological analysis of polymer suspensions gauged the viscosity and shear stress. Thermogravimetric analysis (thermal gravimetric analysis) determined PCL decomposition and the final HA content in the scaffold. Morphological properties, including porosity, pore size, and pore distribution, were evaluated using microcomputed tomography (micro-CT), while field-emission scanning electron microscopy imaged scaffold surface and cross-sectional morphology. Mechanical tests (compression and tension) assessed the scaffold strength. In vitro assays with MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells measured cell viability and alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity in uniform and FGSs with 10% and 20% HA content. Results confirmed that the achieved porosity levels provided sufficient strength and supported effective cell proliferation. Cell culture results demonstrated that uniform scaffolds with 10% HA promoted osteogenesis with slow cell proliferation, whereas FGSs with 20% HA promoted both proliferation and osteogenesis of preosteoblast cells. Overall, the structural, compositional, and biological characterization indicated that both uniform and FGSs provide suitable environments for bone tissue regeneration, with functionally graded scaffold morphology potentially offering a favorable environment for cell response.

Dataset Information

Microscale Photopatterning of Through-thickness Modulus in a Monolithic and Functionally Graded 3D Printed Part.

Publications

Microscale Photopatterning of Through-thickness Modulus in a Monolithic and Functionally Graded 3D Printed Part.

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