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Japan's Dental Care Facing Population Aging: How Universal Coverage Responds to the Changing Needs of the Elderly.

ABSTRACT: Although universal health coverage (UHC) is pursued by many countries, not all countries with UHC include dental care in their benefits. Japan, with its long-held tradition of UHC, covers dental care as an essential benefit, and the majority of dental care services are provided to all patients with minimal copayment. Being under UHC, the scope of services as well as prices are regulated by the uniform fee schedule, and dentists submit claims according to the uniform format and fee schedule. The author analyzed the publicly available dental health insurance claims data as well as a sampling survey on dental hygiene to illustrate how Japan's dental care is responding to the challenges from population aging. A marked improvement was found in dental health status in the elderly population as measured by improved tooth-specific survival. The improvement may be attributable to the universal coverage of dental care, as evidenced by the steady increase in home visits by dentists/dental hygienists as well as home oral rehabilitation services.

SUBMITTER: Okamoto E

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8430920 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Japan's Dental Care Facing Population Aging: How Universal Coverage Responds to the Changing Needs of the Elderly.

Okamoto Etsuji E

International journal of environmental research and public health 20210904 17

Although universal health coverage (UHC) is pursued by many countries, not all countries with UHC include dental care in their benefits. Japan, with its long-held tradition of UHC, covers dental care as an essential benefit, and the majority of dental care services are provided to all patients with minimal copayment. Being under UHC, the scope of services as well as prices are regulated by the uniform fee schedule, and dentists submit claims according to the uniform format and fee schedule. The ...[more]

PMID: 34501951

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Project description:BACKGROUND: Universal health-care coverage has attracted the interest of policy makers as a way of achieving health equity. However, previous reports have shown that despite universal coverage, socioeconomic disparity persists in access to high-tech invasive care, such as cardiac treatment. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between socioeconomic status and care of aortic stenosis in the context of Japan's health-care system, which is mainly publicly funded. METHODS: We chose aortic stenosis in older people as a target because such patients are likely to be affected by socioeconomic disparity. Using a large Japanese claim-based inpatient database, we identified 12,893 isolated aortic stenosis patients aged over 65 years who were hospitalized between July 2010 and March 2012. Municipality socioeconomic status was represented by the mean household income of the patients' residential municipality, categorized into quartiles. The likelihood of undergoing aortic valve surgery and in-hospital mortality was regressed against socioeconomic status level with adjustments for hospital volume, regional number of cardiac surgeons per 1 million population, and patients' clinical status. RESULTS: We found no significant differences between the highest and lowest quartile groups in surgical indication (odds ratio, 0.84; 95% confidence interval, 0.69-1.03) or in-hospital mortality (1.00; 0.68-1.48). Hospital volume was significantly associated with lower postoperative mortality (odds ratio of the highest volume tertile to the lowest, 0.49; 0.34-0.71). CONCLUSIONS: Under Japan's current universal health-care coverage, municipality socioeconomic status did not appear to have a systematic relationship with either treatment decision for surgical intervention or postoperative survival following aortic valve surgery among older patients. Our results imply that universal health-care coverage with high publicly funded coverage offers equal access to high-tech cardiovascular care.

Project description:There is a substantial body of evidence of income-related inequalities in dental care use, attributed to the fact that dental care is often not covered by public health insurance. Wealth-related inequalities have also been shown to be greater than income-related inequalities. Japan is one of the exceptions, as the the universal pubic health insurance system has covered dental care. The aim of this study was therefore to compare wealth- and income-related inequalities in dental care use among middle-aged and older adults in Japan to infer the mechanisms of wealth-related inequalities in dental care use.Data were derived from the Japanese Study of Aging and Retirement, a survey of community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults living in five municipalities in eastern Japan. Of the participants in the second wave conducted in 2009, we analyzed 2581 residents. Dental care use was measured according to whether the participant had been seen by a dentist or a dental hygienist in the past year. The main explanatory variables were income and wealth (financial assets, real assets and total wealth). The need for dental care was measured using age, the use of dentures and chewing ability. The concentration indices for the distribution of actual and need-standardized dental care use were calculated.Among the respondents, 47.9% had received dental care in the past year. The concentration index of actual dental care use (CI) showed a pro-rich inequality for both income and wealth. The CIs for all three wealth measures were larger than that for income. A broadly comparable pattern was seen after need-standardization (income: 0.020, financial assets: 0.035, real assets: 0.047, total wealth: 0.050).The results showed that wealth-related inequalities in dental care use were greater than income-related inequalities in Japan, where most dental care is covered by the public health insurance system. This suggests that wealth-related inequalities in dental care use cannot be explained by economic budget constraints alone. Further studies should investigate the mechanisms of wealth-related inequalities in dental care use.

Project description:ObjectivesContemporary immigration scholarship has typically treated immigrants with diverse racial backgrounds as a monolithic population. Knowledge gaps remain in understanding how racial and nativity inequities in mental health care intersect and unfold in midlife and old age. This study aims to examine the joint impact of race, migration, and old age in shaping mental health treatment.MethodsPooled data were obtained from the Canadian Community Health Survey (2015-2018) and restricted to respondents (aged ≥45 years) with mood or anxiety disorders (n = 9,099). Multivariable logistic regression was performed to estimate associations between race-migration nexus and past-year mental health consultations (MHC). Classification and regression tree (CART) analysis was applied to identify intersecting determinants of MHC.ResultsCompared to Canadian-born Whites, racialized immigrants had greater mental health needs: poor/fair self-rated mental health (odds ratio [OR] = 2.23, 99% confidence interval [CI]: 1.67-2.99), perceived life stressful (OR = 1.49, 99% CI: 1.14-1.95), psychiatric comorbidity (OR = 1.42, 99% CI: 1.06-1.89), and unmet needs for care (OR = 2.02, 99% CI: 1.36-3.02); in sharp contrast, they were less likely to access mental health services across most indicators: overall past-year MHC (OR = 0.54, 99% CI: 0.41-0.71) and consultations with family doctors (OR = 0.67, 99% CI: 0.50-0.89), psychologists (OR = 0.54, 99% CI: 0.33-0.87), and social workers (OR = 0.37, 99% CI: 0.21-0.65), with the exception of psychiatrist visits (p = .324). The CART algorithm identifies three groups at risk of MHC service underuse: racialized immigrants aged ≥55 years, immigrants without high school diplomas, and linguistic minorities who were home renters.DiscussionTo safeguard health care equity for medically underserved communities in Canada, multisectoral efforts need to guarantee culturally responsive mental health care, multilingual services, and affordable housing for racialized immigrant older adults with mental disorders.

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Project description:IntroductionThe Government of Ethiopia (GoE) has made significant progress in expanding access to primary health care (PHC) over the past 15 years. However, achieving national PHC targets for universal health coverage will require a significant increase in PHC financing. The purpose of this study was to generate cost evidence and provide recommendations to improve PHC efficiency.MethodsWe used the open access Primary Health Care Costing, Analysis, and Planning (PHC-CAP) Tool to estimate actual and normative recurrent PHC costs in nine Ethiopian regions. The findings on actual costs were based on primary data collected in 2018/19 from a sample of 20 health posts, 25 health centers, and eight primary hospitals. Three different extrapolation methods were used to estimate actual costs in the nine sampled regions. Normative costs were calculated based on standard treatment protocols (STPs), the population in need of the PHC services included in the Essential Health Services Package (EHSP) as per the targets outlined in the Health Sector Transformation Plan II (HSTP II), and the associated costs. PHC resource gaps were estimated by comparing actual cost estimates to normative costs.ResultsOn average, the total cost of PHC in the sampled facilities was US$ 11,532 (range: US$ 934-40,746) in health posts, US$ 254,340 (range: US$ 68,860-832,647) in health centers, and US$ 634,354 (range: US$ 505,208-970,720) in primary hospitals. The average actual PHC cost per capita in the nine sampled regions was US$ 4.7, US$ 15.0, or US$ 20.2 depending on the estimation method used. When compared to the normative cost of US$ 38.5 per capita, all these estimates of actual PHC expenditures were significantly lower, indicating a shortfall in the funding required to deliver an expanded package of high-quality services to a larger population in line with GoE targets.DiscussionThe study findings underscore the need for increased mobilization of PHC resources and identify opportunities to improve the efficiency of PHC services to meet the GoE's PHC targets. The data from this study can be a critical input for ongoing PHC financing reforms undertaken by the GoE including transitioning woreda-level planning from input-based to program-based budgeting, revising community-based health insurance (CBHI) packages, reviewing exempted services, and implementing strategic purchasing approaches such as capitation and performance-based financing.

Dataset Information

Japan's Dental Care Facing Population Aging: How Universal Coverage Responds to the Changing Needs of the Elderly.

Publications

Japan's Dental Care Facing Population Aging: How Universal Coverage Responds to the Changing Needs of the Elderly.

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