Dataset Information

Ventral pallidum regulates the default mode network, controlling transitions between internally and externally guided behavior.

ABSTRACT: Daily life requires transitions between performance of well-practiced, automatized behaviors reliant upon internalized representations and behaviors requiring external focus. Such transitions involve differential activation of the default mode network (DMN), a group of brain areas associated with inward focus. We asked how optogenetic modulation of the ventral pallidum (VP), a subcortical DMN node, impacts task switching between internally to externally guided lever-pressing behavior in the rat. Excitation of the VP dramatically compromised acquisition of an auditory discrimination task, trapping animals in a DMN state of automatized internally focused behavior and impairing their ability to direct attention to external sensory stimuli. VP inhibition, on the other hand, facilitated task acquisition, expediting escape from the DMN brain state, thereby allowing rats to incorporate the contingency changes associated with the auditory stimuli. We suggest that VP, instant by instant, regulates the DMN and plays a deterministic role in transitions between internally and externally guided behaviors.

SUBMITTER: Klaassen AL

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8433530 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

ACCESS DATA

Publications

Ventral pallidum regulates the default mode network, controlling transitions between internally and externally guided behavior.

Klaassen Arndt-Lukas AL Heiniger Anne A Vaca Sánchez Pilar P Harvey Michael A MA Rainer Gregor G

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 20210901 36

Daily life requires transitions between performance of well-practiced, automatized behaviors reliant upon internalized representations and behaviors requiring external focus. Such transitions involve differential activation of the default mode network (DMN), a group of brain areas associated with inward focus. We asked how optogenetic modulation of the ventral pallidum (VP), a subcortical DMN node, impacts task switching between internally to externally guided lever-pressing behavior in the rat. ...[more]

PMID: 34462351

Similar Datasets

Project description:PurposeMost clinically deployed strategies for respiratory motion management in lung radiotherapy (e.g., gating and tracking) use external markers that serve as surrogates for tumor motion. However, typical lung phantoms used to validate these strategies are based on a rigid exterior and a rigid or a deformable-interior. Such designs do not adequately represent respiration because the thoracic anatomy deforms internally as well as externally. In order to create a closer approximation of respiratory motion, the authors describe the construction and experimental testing of an externally as well as internally deformable, programmable lung phantom.MethodsThe outer shell of a commercially available lung phantom (RS-1500, RSD, Inc.) was used. The shell consists of a chest cavity with a flexible anterior surface, and embedded vertebrae, rib-cage and sternum. A custom-made insert was designed using a piece of natural latex foam block. A motion platform was programmed with sinusoidal and ten patient-recorded lung tumor trajectories. The platform was used to drive a rigid foam "diaphragm" that compressed/decompressed the phantom interior. Experimental characterization comprised of determining the reproducibility and the external-internal correlation of external and internal marker trajectories extracted from kV x-ray fluoroscopy. Experiments were conducted to illustrate three example applications of the phantom-(i) validating the geometric accuracy of the VisionRT surface photogrammetry system; (ii) validating an image registration tool, NiftyReg; and (iii) quantifying the geometric error due to irregular motion in four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT).ResultsThe phantom correctly reproduced sinusoidal and patient-derived motion, as well as realistic respiratory motion-related effects such as hysteresis. The reproducibility of marker trajectories over multiple runs for sinusoidal as well as patient traces, as characterized by fluoroscopy, was within 0.25 mm RMS error. The motion trajectories of internal and external radio-opaque markers as measured by fluoroscopy were found to be highly correlated (R > 0.95). Using the phantom, it was demonstrated that the motion trajectories of regions-of-interest on the surface as measured by VisionRT are highly consistent with corresponding fluoroscopically acquired surface marker trajectories, with RMS errors within 0.26 mm. Furthermore, it was shown that the trajectories of external and internal marker trajectories derived from NiftyReg deformation vector fields were within 1 mm root mean square errors comparing to trajectories obtained by segmenting markers from individual fluoro frames. Finally, it was shown that while 4DCT can be used to localize internal markers for sinusoidal motion with reasonable accuracy, the localization error increases significantly (by a factor of ∼ 2) in the presence of cycle-to-cycle variations that are observed in patient-derived respiratory motion.ConclusionsThe authors have developed a realistic externally and internally deformable, programmable lung phantom that will serve as a valuable tool for clinical and investigational motion management studies in thoracic and abdominal radiation therapies.

Dataset Information

Ventral pallidum regulates the default mode network, controlling transitions between internally and externally guided behavior.

Publications

Ventral pallidum regulates the default mode network, controlling transitions between internally and externally guided behavior.

Similar Datasets

OmicsDI is part of the ELIXIR infrastructure

Tweets