Sustainable closed-loop supply chain network under uncertainty: a response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

ABSTRACT: This study proposes a sustainable closed-loop supply chain under uncertainty to create a response to the COVID-19 pandemic. In this paper, a novel stochastic optimization model integrating strategic and tactical decision-making is presented for the sustainable closed-loop supply chain network design problem. This paper for the first time implements the concept of sustainable closed-loop supply chain for the application of ventilators using a stochastic optimization model. To make the problem more realistic, most of the parameters are considered to be uncertain along with the normal probability distribution. Since the proposed model is more complex than majority of previous studies, a hybrid whale optimization algorithm as an enhanced metaheuristic is proposed to solve the proposed model. T

SUBMITTER: Rafigh P 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8438288 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature