Immune escape mechanisms and immunotherapy of urothelial bladder cancer.

ABSTRACT:

Background and aim

Urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) is a common malignant tumor of the urogenital system with a high rate of recurrence. Due to the sophisticated and largely unexplored mechanisms of tumorigenesis of UBC, the classical therapeutic approaches including transurethral resection and radical cystectomy combined with chemotherapy have remained unchanged for decades. However, with increasingly in-depth understanding of the microenvironment and the composition of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes of UBC, novel immunotherapeutic strategies have been developed. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy, immune checkpoint blockades, adoptive T cell immunotherapy, dendritic cell (DC) vaccines, etc., have all been intensively investigated as immunotherapies for UBC. This review will di

SUBMITTER: Yang Z 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8445627 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature