Non-in situ heart-lung transplantation: doing less may prove to be worth it.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Thomas JOA
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8575818 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Oct
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Publications
Non-<i>in situ</i> heart-lung transplantation: doing less may prove to be worth it.
Thomas Jason O A JOA Catarino Pedro P
Journal of thoracic disease 20211001 10
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Project description:There are long-standing concerns that peer review, which is foundational to scientific institutions like journals and funding agencies, favors conservative ideas over novel ones. We investigate the association between novelty and the acceptance of manuscripts submitted to a large sample of scientific journals. The data cover 20,538 manuscripts submitted between 2013 and 2018 to the journals Cell and Cell Reports and 6,785 manuscripts submitted in 2018 to 47 journals published by the Institute of Physics Publishing. Following previous work that found that a balance of novel and conventional ideas predicts citation impact, we measure the novelty and conventionality of manuscripts by the atypicality of combinations of journals in their reference lists, taking the 90th percentile most atypical combination as "novelty" and the 50th percentile as "conventionality." We find that higher novelty is consistently associated with higher acceptance; submissions in the top novelty quintile are 6.5 percentage points more likely than bottom quintile ones to get accepted. Higher conventionality is also associated with acceptance (+16.3% top-bottom quintile difference). Disagreement among peer reviewers was not systematically related to submission novelty or conventionality, and editors select strongly for novelty even conditional on reviewers' recommendations (+7.0% top-bottom quintile difference). Manuscripts exhibiting higher novelty were more highly cited. Overall, the findings suggest that journal peer review favors novel research that is well situated in the existing literature, incentivizing exploration in science and challenging the view that peer review is inherently antinovelty.
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| S-EPMC8575829 | biostudies-literature
Project description:With a pressing need for sustainable chemistries, radical enzymes from anaerobes offer a shortcut for many chemical transformations and deliver highly sought-after functionalizations such as late-stage C-H functionalization, C-C bond formation, and carbon-skeleton rearrangements, among others. The challenges in handling these oxygen-sensitive enzymes are reflected in their limited industrial exploitation, despite what they may deliver. With an influx of structures and mechanistic understanding, the scope for designed radical enzymes to deliver wanted processes becomes ever closer. Combined with new advances in computational methods and workflows for these complex systems, the outlook for an increased use of radical enzymes in future processes is exciting.
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Project description:ObjectivesBubble CPAP (bCPAP), a non-invasive ventilation modality, has emerged as an intervention that is able to reduce pneumonia-related mortality in children in low resourced settings. Our study primarily aimed to describe a cohort of children who were started on CPAP in the Medical Emergency Unit (MEU) of Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital 2016-2018.MethodsA retrospective review of a randomly selected sample of paper-based folders was conducted. Children started on bCPAP at MEU were eligible for inclusion. Demographic and clinical data, management, and outcomes regarding admission to PICU, need for invasive ventilation and mortality were documented. Descriptive statistical data were generated for all relevant variables. Percentages depicted frequencies of categorical data while medians with interquartile ranges (IQR) were used to summarise continuous data.ResultsOf 500 children started on bCPAP, 266 (53%) were male; their median age was 3.7 (IQR 1.7-11.3) months and 169 (34%) were moderately to severely underweight-for-age. There were 12 (2%) HIV-infected children; 403 (81%) had received appropriate immunisations for their age; and 119 (24%) were exposed to tobacco smoke at home. The five most common primary reasons for admission were acute respiratory illness, acute gastroenteritis, congestive cardiac failure, sepsis and seizures. Most children, 409 (82%), had no underlying medical condition. Most children, 411 (82%), were managed in high care areas of the general medical wards while 126 (25%) went to PICU. The median time on CPAP was 1.7 (IQR 0.9-2.8) days. The median hospitalisation time was 6 (IQR 4-9) days. Overall, 38 (8%) children required invasive ventilatory support. Overall, 12 (2%) children with a median age of 7.5 (IQR 0.7-14.5) months died, six of whom had an underlying medical condition.ConclusionsSeventy-five percent of children initiated on bCPAP did not require PICU admission. This form of non-invasive ventilatory support should be considered more widely in the context of limited access to paediatric intensive care units in other African settings.
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Project description:The wealth of genomic data has boosted the development of computational methods predicting the phenotypic outcomes of missense variants. The most accurate ones exploit multiple sequence alignments, which can be costly to generate. Recent efforts for democratizing protein structure prediction have overcome this bottleneck by leveraging the fast homology search of MMseqs2. Here, we show the usefulness of this strategy for mutational outcome prediction through a large-scale assessment of 1.5M missense variants across 72 protein families. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of producing alignment-based mutational landscape predictions that are both high-quality and compute-efficient for entire proteomes. We provide the community with the whole human proteome mutational landscape and simplified access to our predictive pipeline.
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Project description:BackgroundSince January 2002, routine surveillance bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and transbronchial biopsy has been performed in all paediatric recipients of lung and heart-lung transplants at the Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK, using a newly revised treatment protocol.AimsTo report the prevalence of rejection and bacterial, viral or fungal pathogens in asymptomatic children and compare this with the prevalence in children with symptoms.ParticipantsThe study population included all paediatric patients undergoing single lung transplantation (SLTx), double lung transplantation (DLTx) or heart-lung transplantation between January 2002 and December 2005.MethodsSurveillance bronchoscopies were performed at 1 week, and 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after transplant. Bronchoscopies were classified according to whether subjects had symptoms, defined as the presence of cough, sputum production, dyspnoea, malaise, decrease in lung function or chest radiograph changes.ResultsResults of biopsies and BAL were collected, and procedural complications recorded. 23 lung-transplant operations were performed, 12 DLTx, 10 heart-lung transplants and 1 SLTx (15 female patients). The median (range) age of patients was 14.0 (4.9-17.3) years. 17 patients had cystic fibrosis. 95 surveillance bronchoscopies were performed. Rejection (> or =A2) was diagnosed in 4% of biopsies of asymptomatic recipients, and in 12% of biopsies of recipients with symptoms. Potential pathogens were detected in 29% of asymptomatic patients and in 69% of patients with symptoms. The overall diagnostic yield was 35% for asymptomatic children, and 85% for children with symptoms (p < 0.001). The complication rate for bronchoscopies was 3.2%.ConclusionsMany children have silent rejection or subclinical infection in the first year after lung transplantation. Routine surveillance bronchoscopy allows detection and targeted treatment of these complications.
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Project description:In the present research, we applied a goal-congruity perspective - the proposition that men and women seek out roles that afford their internalized values (Diekman et al., 2017) - to better understand the degree to which careers in healthcare, early education, and domestic roles (HEED; Croft et al., 2015) are devalued in society. Our first goal was to test the hypothesis that men, relative to women, are less interested in pursuing HEED careers in part because they are less likely than women to endorse communal values. A second, more novel goal was to extend goal congruity theory to examine whether gender differences in communal values also predict the belief that HEED careers add worth to society and are deserving of higher salaries. In three studies of undergraduate students (total N = 979), we tested the predictive role of communal values (i.e., a focus on caring for others), as distinct from agentic values (i.e., a focus on status, competition, and wealth; Bakan, 1966). Consistent with goal congruity theory, Studies 1 and 2 revealed that men's lower interest in adopting HEED careers, such as nursing and elementary education, was partially mediated by men's (compared to women's) lower communal values. Extending the theory, all three studies also documented a general tendency to see HEED as having relatively lower worth to society compared to STEM careers. As expected, communal values predicted perceiving higher societal worth in HEED careers, as well as supporting increases in HEED salaries. Thus, gender differences in communal values accounted for men's (compared to women's) tendency to perceive HEED careers as having less societal worth and less deserving of salary increases. In turn, gender differences in perceived societal worth of HEED itself predicted men's relatively lower interest in pursuing HEED careers. In no instance, did agentic values better explain the gender difference in HEED interest or perceived worth. These findings have important implications for how we understand the value that society places on occupations typically occupied by women versus men.
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Project description:[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187811.].
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Project description:Image-based plant phenotyping has been steadily growing and this has steeply increased the need for more efficient image analysis techniques capable of evaluating multiple plant traits. Deep learning has shown its potential in a multitude of visual tasks in plant phenotyping, such as segmentation and counting. Here, we show how different phenotyping traits can be extracted simultaneously from plant images, using multitask learning (MTL). MTL leverages information contained in the training images of related tasks to improve overall generalization and learns models with fewer labels. We present a multitask deep learning framework for plant phenotyping, able to infer three traits simultaneously: (i) leaf count, (ii) projected leaf area (PLA), and (iii) genotype classification. We adopted a modified pretrained ResNet50 as a feature extractor, trained end-to-end to predict multiple traits. We also leverage MTL to show that through learning from more easily obtainable annotations (such as PLA and genotype) we can predict a better leaf count (harder to obtain annotation). We evaluate our findings on several publicly available datasets of top-view images of Arabidopsis thaliana. Experimental results show that the proposed MTL method improves the leaf count mean squared error (MSE) by more than 40%, compared to a single task network on the same dataset. We also show that our MTL framework can be trained with up to 75% fewer leaf count annotations without significantly impacting performance, whereas a single task model shows a steady decline when fewer annotations are available. Code available at https://github.com/andobrescu/Multi_task_plant_phenotyping.
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