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Red light enhances folate accumulation in wheat seedlings.

ABSTRACT: Red, white, blue, green, and yellow lights were applied to investigate their effects on folate accumulation in wheat seedlings. The different lights, especially red light, significantly increased the total folate content. Total folate showed maximum accumulation under 30 μmol/(m²·s) of red light, with an increase of 24% compared with the control (darkness). 5-Methyl-tetrahydrofolate (5-CH₃-THF) was the dominant folate component, and was significantly increased by red light irradiation. In addition, under red light, the folate content of leaves was higher and more sensitive to light than that of endosperm or roots. Red light up-regulated the expression of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1) and aminodeoxychorismate synthase(ADCS), enhanced the activity of GCH1 and ADCS, and increased the content of precursors of folate synthesis, including pterin and p-aminobenzoic acid (pABA). Hence, the increased folate accumulation promoted by light could be attributed to the increased content of folate synthesis precursors, the activity of key enzymes, and related gene expression.

SUBMITTER: Chang J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8593522 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Red light enhances folate accumulation in wheat seedlings.

Chang Jianwei J Xie Chong C Wang Pei P Gu Zhenxin Z Han Yongbin Y Yang Runqiang R

Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B 20211101 11

Red, white, blue, green, and yellow lights were applied to investigate their effects on folate accumulation in wheat seedlings. The different lights, especially red light, significantly increased the total folate content. Total folate showed maximum accumulation under 30 μmol/(m<sup>2</sup>·s) of red light, with an increase of 24% compared with the control (darkness). 5-Methyl-tetrahydrofolate (5-CH<sub>3</sub>-THF) was the dominant folate component, and was significantly increased by red light ...[more]

PMID: 34783221

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Project description:We recently demonstrated the far-red light-activatable prodrug of paclitaxel (PTX), Pc-(L-PTX)2. Upon illumination with a 690 nm laser, Pc-(L-PTX)2 showed combinational cell killing from rapid photodynamic therapy damage by singlet oxygen, followed by sustained chemotherapy effects from locally released PTX. However, its high lipophilicity (log D7.4 > 3.1) caused aggregation in aqueous solutions and has nonselectivity toward cancer cells. To solve these important problems, we prepared folic acid (FA)-conjugated and photoactivatable prodrugs of PTX with a polyethylene glycol (PEG) spacer of various chain lengths: FA-PEG n -Pc-L-PTX [n = 0 (0k, 5), ∼23 (1k, 7a), ∼45 (2k, 7b), ∼80 (3.5k, 7c), or ∼114 (5k, 7d)]. The PEGylated prodrugs 7a-d had a much improved hydrophilicity compared with the non-PEGylated prodrug, Pc-(L-PTX)2. As the PEG length increased, the hydrophilicity of the prodrug increased (log D7.4 values: 1.28, 0.09, -0.24, and -0.59 for 1k, 2k, 3.5k, and 5k PEG prodrugs, respectively). Fluorescence spectral data suggested that the PEGylated prodrugs had good solubility in the culture medium at lower concentrations (<1-2 μM), but showed fluorescence quenching due to limited solubility at higher concentrations (>2 μM). Dynamic light scattering indicated that all of the prodrugs formed nanosized particles in both phosphate-buffered saline and culture medium at a concentration of 5 μM. The PEG length affected both nonspecific and folate receptor (FR)-mediated uptake of the prodrugs. The enhanced cellular uptake was observed for the prodrugs with medium-sized PEGs (1k, 2k, or 3.5k) in FR-positive SKOV-3 cells, but not for the prodrugs with no PEG or with the longest PEG (5k), which suggests the optimal range of PEG length around 1k-3.5k for effective uptake of our prodrug system. Consistent with the cellular uptake pattern, medium-sized PEGylated prodrugs showed more potent phototoxic activity (IC50s, ∼130 nM) than prodrugs with no PEG or the longest PEG (IC50, ∼400 nM). In conclusion, we have developed far-red light-activatable prodrugs with improved water solubility and FR-targeting properties compared with the nontargeted prodrug.

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Red light enhances folate accumulation in wheat seedlings.

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Red light enhances folate accumulation in wheat seedlings.

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