Immune checkpoint inhibition for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: limitations and prospects: a systematic review.

ABSTRACT: Pancreatic cancer is an extremely malignant tumor with the lowest 5-year survival rate among all tumors. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), as the most common pathological subtype of pancreatic cancer, usually has poor therapeutic results. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can relieve failure of the tumor-killing effect of immune effector cells caused by immune checkpoints. Therefore, they have been used as a novel treatment for many solid tumors. However, PDAC is not sensitive to monotherapy with ICIs, which might be related to the inhibitory immune microenvironment of pancreatic cancer. Therefore, the way to improve the microenvironment has raised a heated discussion in recent years. Here, we elaborate on the relationship between different immune cellular components in this envir

SUBMITTER: Li HB 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8611916 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature