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The memory benefits of two naps per day during infancy: A pilot investigation.

ABSTRACT: In infancy, sleep occurs in multiple nap and overnight bouts that change developmentally in quantity and distribution. Though studies suggest that infant memory benefits from a single nap, no work has assessed the relative benefits of different naps (morning vs. afternoon), nor how multiple naps support memory across the day. We investigated the memory benefit of a morning nap, relative to morning wake, and the effect of these intervals on afternoon nap function in 9-month-olds (n = 15). Infants participated in two within-subjects conditions (separated by 1-2 weeks). In the Nap-Nap condition, infants took their morning and afternoon naps; in the Wake-Nap condition, infants were kept awake during morning naptime, but napped unrestricted in the afternoon. Before each nap/wake interval, infants completed an imitation memory task, with memory assessed again shortly after the nap/wake interval. In the Nap-Nap condition, infants showed memory retention across morning and afternoon naps. In contrast, infants tended to forget items learned across morning wake in the Wake-Nap condition. Moreover, morning wake was associated with a significant decline in post-nap retention of items learned in the afternoon. Furthermore, relations between nap slow-wave activity (SWA) and memory varied across naps, with SWA either not predicting (morning naps) or positively predicting (afternoon naps) memory change in the Nap-Nap condition, but negatively predicting afternoon memory change in the Wake-Nap condition. We conclude that two naps per day (rather than one) aids memory at 9 months, and that skipping the morning nap may moderate relations between afternoon nap physiology and memory.

SUBMITTER: Mason GM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8627454 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The memory benefits of two naps per day during infancy: A pilot investigation.

Mason Gina M GM Kurdziel Laura B F LBF Spencer Rebecca M C RMC

Infant behavior & development 20210913

In infancy, sleep occurs in multiple nap and overnight bouts that change developmentally in quantity and distribution. Though studies suggest that infant memory benefits from a single nap, no work has assessed the relative benefits of different naps (morning vs. afternoon), nor how multiple naps support memory across the day. We investigated the memory benefit of a morning nap, relative to morning wake, and the effect of these intervals on afternoon nap function in 9-month-olds (n = 15). Infants ...[more]

PMID: 34530287

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Project description:BackgroundMany smokers report attempting to quit each year, yet most relapse, in part due to exposure to smoking-related cues. It is hypothesized that extinction of the cue-drug association could be facilitated through random nicotine delivery (RND), thus making it easier for smokers to quit. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of RND on smoking cessation-related outcomes including cigarettes per day (CPD) and exhaled carbon monoxide (CO).MethodsParticipants were current smokers (>9 CPD) interested in quitting. Novel trans-mucosal, orally dissolving nicotine films, developed by Bionex Pharmaceuticals, were used in the study. The pharmacokinetic profile of these films was assessed in single (Experiment 1) and multiple-dose (Experiment 2) administrations prior to the smoking cessation study (Experiment 3). In Experiment 3, participants were randomized 1:1:1 to recieve 4 nicotine films per day of either: placebo delivery (0 mg), steady-state delivery (2 mg), or random nicotine delivery (RND) (0 mg or 4 mg). After two weeks, participants were advised to quit (target quit date, TQD) and were followed up 4 weeks later to collect CPD and CO and to measure dependence (Penn State Cigarette Dependence Index; PSCDI) and craving (Questionnaire of Smoking Urges; QSU-Brief). Means and frequencies were used to describe the data and repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine differences between groups.ResultsThe pharmacokinetic studies (Experiment 1 and 2) demonstrated that the films designed for this study delivered nicotine as expected, with the 4 mg film delivering a nicotine boost of approximately 12.4 ng/mL across both the single and the multiple dose administration studies. The films reduced craving for a cigarette and were well-tolerated, overall, and caused no changes in blood pressure or heart rate. Using these films in the cessation study (Experiment 3) (n = 45), there was a significant overall reduction in cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) and in exhaled CO, with no significant differences across groups (placebo, steady-state, RND). In addition, there were no group differences in dependence or craving. Adverse events included heartburn, hiccups, nausea, and to a lesser extent, vomiting and anxiety and there were no differences across groups.ConclusionOverall, this pilot study found that RND via orally dissolving films was feasible and well tolerated by participants. However, RND participants did not experience a greater reduction in self-reported CPD and exhaled CO, compared with participants in the steady-state and placebo delivery groups. Future studies to evaluate optimal RND parameters with larger sample sizes are needed to fully understand the effect of RND on smoking cessation-related outcomes.

Dataset Information

The memory benefits of two naps per day during infancy: A pilot investigation.

Publications

The memory benefits of two naps per day during infancy: A pilot investigation.

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