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Placozoan fiber cells: mediators of innate immunity and participants in wound healing.

ABSTRACT: Placozoa is a phylum of non-bilaterian marine animals. These small, flat organisms adhere to the substrate via their densely ciliated ventral epithelium, which mediates mucociliary locomotion and nutrient uptake. They have only six morphological cell types, including one, fiber cells, for which functional data is lacking. Fiber cells are non-epithelial cells with multiple processes. We used electron and light microscopic approaches to unravel the roles of fiber cells in Trichoplax adhaerens, a representative member of the phylum. Three-dimensional reconstructions of serial sections of Trichoplax showed that each fiber cell is in contact with several other cells. Examination of fiber cells in thin sections and observations of live dissociated fiber cells demonstrated that they phagocytose cell debris and bacteria. In situ hybridization confirmed that fiber cells express genes involved in phagocytic activity. Fiber cells also are involved in wound healing as evidenced from microsurgery experiments. Based on these observations we conclude that fiber cells are multi-purpose macrophage-like cells. Macrophage-like cells have been described in Porifera, Ctenophora, and Cnidaria and are widespread among Bilateria, but our study is the first to show that Placozoa possesses this cell type. The phylogenetic distribution of macrophage-like cells suggests that they appeared early in metazoan evolution.

SUBMITTER: Mayorova TD

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8639732 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Placozoan fiber cells: mediators of innate immunity and participants in wound healing.

Mayorova Tatiana D TD Hammar Katherine K Jung Jae H JH Aronova Maria A MA Zhang Guofeng G Winters Christine A CA Reese Thomas S TS Smith Carolyn L CL

Scientific reports 20211202 1

Placozoa is a phylum of non-bilaterian marine animals. These small, flat organisms adhere to the substrate via their densely ciliated ventral epithelium, which mediates mucociliary locomotion and nutrient uptake. They have only six morphological cell types, including one, fiber cells, for which functional data is lacking. Fiber cells are non-epithelial cells with multiple processes. We used electron and light microscopic approaches to unravel the roles of fiber cells in Trichoplax adhaerens, a r ...[more]

PMID: 34857844

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Project description:Harnessing the inflammation and angiogenesis is extremely important in wound healing. In this study, we developed bioactive elastin-based hydrogels which can recruit and modulate the innate immune cells and accelerate angiogenesis in the wound site and subsequently improve wound regeneration. These hydrogels were formed by visible-light cross-linking of acryloyl-(polyethylene glycol)-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester modified elastin with methacrylated gelatin, in order to mimic dermal microenvironment. These hydrogels showed highly tunable mechanical properties, swelling ratios and enzymatic degradation profiles, with moduli within the range of human skin. To mimic the in vivo degradation of the elastin by elastase from neutrophils, in vitro co-culture of the hydrogels and neutrophils was conducted. The derived conditioned medium containing elastin derived peptides (EDP-conditioned medium) promoted the expression of both M1 and M2 markers in M1 macrophages in vitro. Additionally, the EDP-conditioned medium induced superior tube formation of endothelia cells in Matrigel. In mice wound model, these elastin-based hydrogels attracted abundant neutrophils and predominant M2 macrophages to the wound and supported their infiltration into the hydrogels. The outstanding immunomodulatory effect of the elastin-based hydrogels resulted in superior angiogenesis, collagen deposition and dermal regeneration. Hence, these elastin-based hydrogels can be a promising regenerative platform to accelerate wound repair. Graphical abstract Elastin-based hydrogels were synthesized by blue-light crosslinking of modified elastin and GelMA, and then applied in mice dermal wound. During inflammation stage of wound healing, innate immune cells neutrophils and macrophages arrive in the wound site. The neutrophils secret neutrophil elastase to degrade the hydrogels, resulting in accelerated elastin-derived peptides (EDPs) release and facilitating the infiltration of neutrophiles and macrophages into the hydrogels. The proangiogenic factors produced by the innate immune cells and the EDPs work together to promote angiogenesis and tissue growth in the wound, and eventually accelerated wound healing is achieved.Image 1

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Placozoan fiber cells: mediators of innate immunity and participants in wound healing.

Publications

Placozoan fiber cells: mediators of innate immunity and participants in wound healing.

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